perioperative hemodynamic control
Cardiac output is influenced by heart rate, preload, afterload, and myocardial compliance and contractility. These variables are separate yet intimately interdependent and controlled by the autonomic nervous system and humoral mechanisms心输出量的影响因素有：心率，前负荷，后负荷，心肌顺应性，心肌收缩力。这些变量相互独立又紧密相连，都受到自主神经系统和体液调节机制的控制。
Clinical Anesthesia Procedures of the Massachusetts General Hospital
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