② 肺复张动作
肺复张动作是指短暂地通过高气道压转化为高跨肺压,从而打开塌陷的肺泡。肺复张动作包括维持气道压30cmH2O 30s;在三个呼吸周期中短暂的增加潮气量和PEEP,使平台压在正常体重的人群中保持在30-35cmH2O或在肥胖人群中维持在40-45cmH20。
肺复张可有效减少肺不张的容积、改善氧合。但当吸入氧浓度过高或PEPP不合适时,肺复张效果也只是暂时的,而且即使是同时使用PEPP,很多时候肺复张策略也并不能改善术后肺转归。
③ 呼吸末正压(PEEP)
临床上可以应用PEEP维持跨肺压来预防或治疗肺不张。全麻期间,PEEP可以优化气体交换,改善呼吸力学指标及减少塌陷肺泡的容积。
[1] David Lagier, M.D., Ph.D., Congli Zeng, M.D., Ph.D., Ana Fernandez-Bustamante, M.D., Ph.D. et al. Perioperative Pulmonary Atelectasis: Part II. Clinical Implications.[J]. Anesthesiology, 2022; 136:206–36.
[2] Vincent Genereux, Michael Chasse, Francois Girard, et al. Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure/recruitment manoeuvrescompared with zero end-expiratory pressure on atelectasis duringopen gynaecological surgery as assessed by ultrasonography: arandomised controlled trial[J]. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2019.
[3] Audrey Monastesse, MD, Francois Girard, MD, Nathalie Massicotte, MD., et al. Lung Ultrasonography for the Assessment of Perioperative Atelectasis: A Pilot Feasibility Study[J]. Anesthesia-analgesia. 2017.