临床上,膝关节是OA最常见的受累部位,约占全球骨性关节炎负担的85%,其次是手和髋关节[sup]6,7[/sup]。许多人通过减少身体活动避免疼痛加剧来控制OA,殊不知身体活动是目前髋关节和膝关节炎最有效和安全的非手术治疗方法[sup]4[/sup]。目前的医疗保健方法也会忽视核心治疗如运动、减肥和患者教育,而直接使用昂贵的、未经证实的晚期疾病治疗方法。而只有当患者在接受所有恰当的、侵入性较小的治疗后,仍没有足够的症状缓解时,才需考虑手术治疗[sup]8-10[/sup]。
许多国际指南推荐局部使用非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)作为骨关节炎疼痛的早期治疗选择[sup]11-21[/sup]。最近,一些马来西亚专家就膝关节OA的管理达成了德尔菲共识,旨在为医疗从业人员在OA疼痛管理中使用局部非甾体抗炎药提供实用指南[sup]22[/sup]。根据目前的药理学、有效性和安全性方面的证据,最终确定了八项声明和建议,涵盖OA带来的负担,局部非甾体抗炎药配方,局部非甾体抗炎药的安全性和有效性以及患者教育等领域。建议医疗从业人员来提倡在轻度至中度OA疼痛中早期使用局部非甾体抗炎药而非口服非甾体抗炎药,同时与患者共同决策以获得最佳临床结果。
A级:至少有一项META分析、系统评价或随机对照试验(RCT),或被评为良好且直接适用于目标人群的证据。
B级:来自执行良好的临床试验的证据,直接适用于目标人群,并显示结果的总体一致性;或从META分析、系统评价、RCT推断的证据。
C级:来自专家委员会报告的证据,或权威人士的意见和(或)临床经验;表明缺乏直接适用的高质量临床研究。
OA带来了巨大且不断增加的健康负担,对受影响的个人和医疗保健系统以及更广泛的社会经济成本都有显著影响。管理OA的医疗费用估计占各国国内生产总值的1%-2.5%[sup]24[/sup]。除此之外,OA还造成了间接成本,包括由于失业和过早退休,以及患者的个人成本,例如收入损失和随后的个人储蓄减少,这些大大超过了直接的医疗保健成本[sup]25,26[/sup]。
专家建议1:由于预期OA患病率将持续上升及其对医疗保健和个人花费的影响,不断开发和提高方法治疗OA疼痛具有更大的紧迫性。
推荐等级:A
尽管有强有力的证据表明局部非甾体抗炎药治疗OA疼痛的有效性和安全性,但马来西亚市场数据显示,局部药的使用仍然明显低于口服药。在2017-2020年间,局部非甾体抗炎药占马来西亚非甾体抗炎药市场总量的12.9-14.4%[sup]30[/sup]。相比之下,局部非甾体抗炎药占美国非甾体抗炎药市场的33.6-36.4%,占日本的63.4-67.9%[sup]30[/sup]。在2017-2020年间,局部非甾体抗炎药的使用率平均占泰国非甾体抗炎药总市场的9.9%[sup]30[/sup]。这些数据清楚地表明,尽管有证据表明局部非甾体抗炎药在临床上有效、安全且经济,但在马来西亚和泰国仍被低估且利用不足。
专家组建议2:必须提高医疗保健专业人员和患者对局部非甾体抗炎药益处的认识,以促进局部非甾体抗炎药治疗轻度至中度OA疼痛。
推荐等级:A
一项系统评价发现,双氯芬酸贴片对疼痛的影响最大,超过双氯芬酸凝胶和溶液[sup]29[/sup]。作者认为,这可能是由于贴片的有效成分通过封闭绷带持续不断地输送到患处,药物释放缓慢,且贴片具有更高的环境效应[sup]29[/sup]。在另一项系统评价中,双氯芬酸、布洛芬和酮洛芬的凝胶制剂以及一些双氯芬酸贴剂被证明具有最佳效果[sup]32[/sup]。
专家组建议3:在为个别患者选择合适的治疗药物时,应仔细考虑局部非甾体抗炎药不同制剂和配方的有效性。
推荐等级:A
声明4:推荐剂量的局部非甾体抗炎药与口服非甾体抗炎药在轻度至中度骨关节炎疼痛缓解方面具有疗效相当
一项系统评价指出,对于膝部或手部OA患者,在治疗开始后6-12周,任何外用双氯芬酸制剂的疼痛强度降低≥50%所需的治疗数(NNT)为9.5,酮洛芬凝胶为6.9,患者可能从中减少对不良反应的考虑[sup]13,34[/sup]。最近的一项系统评价比较了治疗OA疼痛的五种主要药物类别的效果,考虑到局部非甾体抗炎药与口服非甾体抗炎药相比严重不良事件发生率较低,优先使用局部制剂可能是谨慎的。
2012年及2016年的两项Cochrane系统评价发现,局部和口服非甾体抗炎药在减轻慢性肌肉骨骼疾病引起的疼痛方面的疗效没有差异[sup]35[/sup]。在另一篇关于止痛药治疗膝关节或手指骨关节炎的综述中,8项研究中有7项显示局部非甾体抗炎药和口服药的疗效没有统计学显著差异[sup]36[/sup]。一项随机对照试验和患者偏好研究报告称,在12个月后,最初建议使用局部和口服布洛芬缓解慢性膝关节疼痛的患者的临床结果是相同的[sup]37[/sup]。在设计急性和慢性肌肉骨骼损伤患者的六项研究分析表明,在治疗急性和慢性损伤方面,局部和口服非甾体抗炎药的结果在统计学上优于安慰剂,两者疗效相当[sup]38[/sup]。三个随机对照试验直接比较了局部使用双氯芬酸与口服双氯芬酸或布洛芬,均发现局部用药对OA疼痛和其他症状的缓解至少与口服药物相当[sup]38-40[/sup]。
专家组建议4:鉴于疗效相当有强有力的证据,对于轻度至中度OA疼痛,应优先使用局部非甾体抗炎药,而不是口服非甾体抗炎药。
推荐等级:A
因此,局部应用方法对疼痛的浅表部位最有效,如膝关节、手指、手部、脚踝和肩部的OA关节[sup]32[/sup]。这些是靠近皮肤表面的关节。它们不适用于髋关节或脊柱等深层关节的治疗,也不适用于深层内脏疼痛或头痛局部使用[sup]32[/sup]。非甾体抗炎药也适用于只有少数关节疼痛的人,以防止在太多部位使用时超过推荐剂量的风险。
专家组建议5:局部非甾体抗炎药应用于影响浅表部位的轻至中度OA疼痛。
推荐等级:A
局部药主要通过在关节中达到高浓度起作用,只有少量进入体循环,其药理作用依赖于药物穿过角质层并渗透到皮肤下层[sup]31[/sup]。角质层因此很难被动地穿透,局部药可能具有储存效应,使它们在皮肤及皮下积累成一个储存库,使药物持续释放[sup]42[/sup]。药物特性影响药物的渗透。理想的特性包括分子小、亲脂和亲水性、酸性、良好的载体溶解度[sup]42[/sup]。应用部位、方法、疼痛部位蛋白质浓度也影响局部药的最佳渗透。贴片和膏药可以提供持续和增加的吸收作用[sup]31,42[/sup]。超声波和离子电阻也可显著提高药物的穿透性[sup]43[/sup]。
据报道,局部给药后的血浆水平为口服给药后的0.2%至8%[sup]31[/sup],低水平可以减少药物副作用,但足够的药物浓度以发挥抗炎作用同样重要。一般来说,局部给药后关节软骨和半月板的非甾体抗炎药浓度比口服给药后高4-7倍[sup]44[/sup]。一项评估OA患者局部使用双氯芬酸的系统评价报道,局部使用可穿透皮肤,并以可观的数量渗透到靶组织,滑膜组织中的浓度一般高于滑膜液[sup]42[/sup]。与口服双氯芬酸相比,局部使用双氯芬酸有效且全身不良事件发生率较低。
专家组建议6:局部非甾体抗炎药优于口服非甾体抗炎药,因为其全身性不良事件较少,同时在靶组织提供足够的局部药物浓度以缓解疼痛。
推荐等级:A
患者的信念决定对治疗的偏好,包括症状的缓解、不良反应的发生和替代治疗的可获得性[sup]45-47[/sup]。短暂疼痛的患者认为他们的疼痛很少发生退行性改变,会首选局部制剂[sup]48[/sup]。患者认为局部用药不影响身体的其他部分,起效更快,毒性较小48。当患者相信治疗对自己有益,会更愿意忍受轻微的副作用[sup]48[/sup]。有患者认为口服药物既耗时又混乱。患者还会考虑更贴合日常使用和生活方式的治疗方案,考虑在服的其他药物。研究表明,患者对药物类型的偏好受到用药经验、其他疾病、其他部位疼痛、轶事、便利、疼痛程度和感知退行性病变程度的影响[sup]49[/sup]。缺乏对膝关节疼痛和药物作用的了解导致了患者对症状的耐受性增加[sup]49[/sup]。另一项日本研究发现,患者对局部用药的期望特征主要包括镇痛效果、避免皮肤刺激和药费低廉[sup]50[/sup]。
OA治疗选择的决策应采取医疗专业人员和患者之间协作的方式。医疗保健专业人员应通过增加患者对疼痛的原因、治疗方式和不良反应的了解,来提高依从性和知情选择[sup]51,52[/sup];通过让患者参与决策过程,来促进治疗依从性;通过纠正发病机制和药物作用机制的误解,来减轻重大不良反应。
专家组建议7:医疗保健专业人员应与患者讨论局部非甾体抗炎药的疗效、可用性和适用性,以鼓励他们选择治疗方式。
推荐等级:A
典型的OA患者是患有多种疾病并需要长期服用多种药物的老年人,而老年人长期使用非甾体抗炎药的副作用风险更高。由于依从性差、营养不足、药代动力学改变、终末器官反应性改变和药物相互作用可能性增加等因素,这类人群特别容易受到药物毒性的影响[sup]53[/sup]。口服非甾体抗炎药使胃肠道事件的发病率和死亡率增加,肾功能不全、高血压、下肢水肿、心衰加重和心血管事件风险增加[sup]54,55[/sup]。
一项研究表明,局部使用乙托非甲酸酯可以使口服非甾体抗炎药所需剂量平均减少40%,提供46%的疼痛改善和34%的功能改善[sup]12,56[/sup],使不良反应显著减少,胃肠道不良反应减少了>20%[sup]12,56[/sup]。局部非甾体抗炎药为关注多种药物和多种合并症的患者提供了适当和可接受的选择。
专家组建议8:医疗保健专业人员应教育患者局部非甾体抗炎药在潜在减少多重用药方面的益处。
推荐等级:B
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