2014年围术期儿童高级生命支持新指南解读
在2014年美国麻醉医师协会年会(ASA)上,约翰霍普金斯医院麻醉科Eugenie S.Heitmiller教授针对麻醉医师发布了儿童高级生命支持(Pediatric advanced life support, PALS)的新指南[1]。该指南在2010年版的国际小儿心肺复苏指南[2]的基础上补充说明了婴幼儿心肺复苏的一些细节问题,尤其是阐述了儿童围手术期发生心脏呼吸骤停的各种原因及处理策略。
与2010年国际小儿心肺复苏指南比较,2014年新指南在评估是否需要心肺复苏胸外按压及胸外按压方法处未见重大改动,但对某些细节和特殊情况进行了分析和说明(如图1所示)。启动心肺复苏后,告知外科医生停止手术,新指南要求置病人于100%氧环境中(火灾情况除外),尽早行气管插管。对于已插管的患者,维持8-10次/分钟的呼吸频率。若病人存在失血引起的低血容量,应使其处于头低脚高位,快速建立静脉或骨髓通道输液输血,并且立即停用吸入性麻醉药以及有潜在毒性的药物(局麻药、鱼精蛋白、扩血管药、阿片类药物、抗生素、右旋糖酐、非去极化肌松药等)。某些药物(如肾上腺素等)经气管内给药后,药物吸收滞后会影响复苏后心肌功能,血管扩张剂等使冠状动脉灌注减少也会降低复苏成功率[3]。
二氧化碳分压可以在威胁生命的紧急情况下提供最早的诊断征象,比如意外拔管、通风机断开、气管导管梗阻等。且动物及成人研究也显示,呼气末二氧化碳分压与心输出量及肺动脉血流有关,当呼气末二氧化碳分压持续低于10mmHg时,则需考虑改善胸外按压质量,并避免过度通气。所以,检测呼气末二氧化碳分压有助于评估胸外按压效果[4]。呼气末二氧化碳分压>10mmHg,通常提示更高的自主循环恢复可能性[5,6,7]。因此,2014年新指南明确提出检测并控制呼气末二氧化碳分压≧10-14mmHg。
>>>>在按压与通气协调方面,2014年新指南有新增内容。新指南特别强调,仰卧位心肺复苏时,若为喉罩支持气道,为防止过度通气,则按压通气比率为30:2(通气频率为每分钟8-10次)。当患儿心跳骤停时,单人心肺复苏采用按压通气比率30:2进行,双人或多人复苏时儿童与婴儿采用15:2的比率进行,与2010年版指南内容不变。
>>>>有关调查显示,仅有18%室颤患儿通过2J/Kg电击除颤治疗后心电图恢复正常,但在动物模型研究中提示除颤剂量越高,心肌损伤越重,目前也无足够证据确定最佳除颤剂量[8]。若患儿存在室速或室颤(即可起搏时),仍给予一次2J/Kg电击除颤后,不需检测心率立即心肺复苏胸外按压2分钟,按压2分钟后检测心率。若病人出现无脉性电活动或心搏停止(即不可起搏时),立即静脉给予肾上腺素10μg/kg,或者通过气管插管给予肾上腺素100μg/kg。
>>>>从1998年到2004年,儿童围手术期心脏骤停协会共报道了193例与麻醉相关心脏骤停案例,心血管因素所致心脏骤停所占比例最大(41%)[15],其中失血所致血容量不足原因最普遍,占总量的12%[15],而血容量不足所致心脏骤停在颅面修复术和脊柱融合术中最常发生[12]。故颅面修复术和脊柱融合术中发生心脏停搏主要是由血容量不足(出血)、静脉空气栓塞所致。这两种原因均可导致严重低血压、呼气末二氧化碳分压下降,二者的区分主要依靠中心静脉压的检测。血容量不足时中心静脉压通常下降,空气栓塞时中心静脉压通常升高。当发生静脉空气栓塞时,立即告知手术医生,吸入100%氧气,停用一氧化氮和吸入性麻醉药,立即行胸外按压,若患者存在低血压则给予肾上腺素治疗。同时,以液体浸没手术区域及结扎破裂血管等措施阻止空气继续进入,调整病人体位使病人手术部位低于心脏水平,并且置病人于特伦伯格卧位及输入液体以增加血管内压。对出血量估计不足、静脉通道建立不充分以及中心静脉压监测不准确都会影响低血容量的处理。
>>>>在麻醉过程中发生局麻药中毒的典型症状有烦躁、神志不清、抽搐、癫痫,心电图改变如PR间期延长、心动过缓、传导延搁、停搏等[21]。2014年新指南建议当因局麻药中毒发生心脏停搏时,立即胸外按压,并输入20%脂肪乳剂1.5ml/kg,起始输注速度0.25ml/kg/min。若应用肾上腺素治疗低血压,建议小剂量1ug/kg应用以保证肾上腺素不影响脂肪乳剂的扩散。当无药物反应时可给予第二、第三次脂肪乳剂剂量,并将速度增加至0.5 ml/kg/min,最大剂量是10ml/kg,使用时间超过30分钟。在达到血液动力学稳定性后脂肪乳剂应继续使用10分钟[22]。
>>>>3.1 维持正常的血管张力
3.2治疗性低体温
3.4防止过度通气
3.5维持正常的血糖
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