Wang P, Xie QP. Controversy and consensus of endoscopic thyroidectomy[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2015, 35(1):76-78. doi:10.7504/CJPS.ISSN1005-2208.2015.01.22.
[2]Hüscher CS, Chiodini S, Napolitano C, et al. Endoscopic right thyroid lobectomy[J]. Surg Endosc, 1997, 11(8):877. doi:10.1007/s004649900476.
[4]Xie QP, Xiang C, Wang Y, et al. The patterns and treatment of postoperative hemorrhage and hematoma in total endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast approach: experience of 1932 cases[J]. Endocrine, 2019, 63(3):422-429. doi:10.1007/s12020-018-01837-1.
Gao M, Li DP. Striving forward to create new glory—20 years of development and future directions in the field of thyroid tumors in China[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2025, 34(5):837-841.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250205.
[6]Zeng HM, Zheng RS, Sun KX, et al. Cancer survival statistics in China 2019-2021: a multicenter, population-based study[J]. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2024, 4(3):203-213. doi:10.1016/j.jncc.2024.06.005.
[7]Zeng H, Chen W, Zheng R, et al. Changing cancer survival in China during 2003-15: a pooled analysis of 17 population-based cancer registries[J]. Lancet Glob Health, 2018, 6(5):e555-e567. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30127-X.
[8]Liang Z, Zhang L. Comparison of conventional thyroidectomy and endoscopic thyroidectomy via axillary approach[J]. Curr Probl Surg, 2025, 64:101727. doi:10.1016/j.cpsurg.2025.101727.
[9]Lorente-Poch L, Sancho JJ, Ruiz S, et al. Importance of in situ preservation of parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy[J]. Br J Surg, 2015, 102(4):359-367. doi:10.1002/bjs.9676.
[10]Alesina PF, Wahabie W, Meier B, et al. Long-term cosmetic results of video-assisted thyroidectomy: a comparison with conventional surgery[J]. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2021, 406(5):1625-1633. doi:10.1007/s00423-021-02196-8.
[11]Sahm M, Otto R, Pross M, et al. Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy: a critical analysis of long-term cosmetic results using a validated tool[J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2019, 101(3):180-185. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2018.0178.
[12]Zhou Q, Xiao C, Liu T. Recent advances in endoscopic/robotic-assisted thyroidectomy[J]. J Craniofac Surg, 2025. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000012081. [Online ahead of print]
[13]Kuo TC, Chen KY, Lai CW, et al. Transoral endoscopic and minimally invasive thyroidectomy[J]. JAMA Surg, 2025, 160(11):1203-1210. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2025.3248.
[14]Long T, Li J, Yuan Y, et al. Comparison of endoscopic surgical approaches for total thyroidectomy: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis[J]. Gland Surg, 2025, 14(1):1-12. doi:10.21037/gs-24-424.
[15]Al Juhani AA, Alzahrani F, Esmail AK, et al. Efficacy and safety of robotic bilateral axillo-breast approach versus robotic gasless axillary approach for thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech, 2025, 35(3):e1370. doi:10.1097/SLE.0000000000001370.
Liu YF, Ouyang H, Xiao L, et al. Key factors affecting complications and operative time in endoscopic thyroidectomy via oral vestibule and submandibular approach[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2025, 34(5):879-891. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250027.
[17]Ringel MD, Sosa JA, Baloch Z, et al. 2025 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2025, 35(8):841-985. doi:10.1177/10507256251363120.
Su YJ, Peng Y, Dong ZZ, et al. Systematic interpretation of the 2025 Chinese Guidelines for Integrated Diagnosis and Treatment of Tumors (CACA)—Thyroid Cancer[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2025, 34(5):867-878. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250270.
[19]Rosenbaum MA, Haridas M, McHenry CR. Life-threatening neck hematoma complicating thyroid and parathyroid surgery[J]. Am J Surg, 2008, 195(3):339-343. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.12.008.
[20]Campbell MJ, McCoy KL, Shen WT, et al. A multi-institutional international study of risk factors for hematoma after thyroidectomy[J]. Surgery, 2013, 154(6):1283-1289. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2013.06.032.
[21]Saitou M, Akasu H, Jikuzono T, et al. Postoperative bleeding risk in thyroid surgery: differences between conventional and endoscopic video-assisted neck surgery methods[J]. J Nippon Med Sch, 2024, 91(5):432-438. doi:10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2024_91-507.
[22]Liu J, Li ZJ, Liu SY, et al. Risk factors for and occurrence of postoperative cervical hematoma after thyroid surgery: a single-institution study based on 5 156 cases from the past 2 years[J]. Head Neck, 2016, 38(2):216-219. doi:10.1002/hed.23868.
[23]Liu J, Sun W, Dong W, et al. Risk factors for post-thyroidectomy haemorrhage: a meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2017, 176(5):591-602. doi:10.1530/EJE-16-0757.
[24]Doran HE, Wiseman SM, Palazzo FF, et al. Author response: post-thyroidectomy bleeding: analysis of risk factors from a national registry[J]. Br J Surg, 2021, 108(9):e306. doi:10.1093/bjs/znab207.
[25]Promberger R, Ott J, Kober F, et al. Risk factors for postoperative bleeding after thyroid surgery[J]. Br J Surg, 2012, 99(3):373-379. doi:10.1002/bjs.7824.
[26]Polychronidis G, Hüttner FJ, Contin P, et al. Network meta-analysis of topical haemostatic agents in thyroid surgery[J]. Br J Surg, 2018, 105(12):1573-1582. doi:10.1002/bjs.10975.
[27]Chen E, Cai Y, Li Q, et al. Risk factors target in patients with post-thyroidectomy bleeding[J]. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2014, 7(7):1837-1844.
[28]Meltzer C, Klau M, Gurushanthaiah D, et al. Surgeon volume in thyroid surgery: surgical efficiency, outcomes, and utilization[J]. Laryngoscope, 2016, 126(11):2630-2639. doi:10.1002/lary.26119.
[29]Lee M, Rhee J, Kim Y, et al. Perioperative risk factors for post-thyroidectomy hematoma: Significance of pain and ketorolac usage[J]. Head Neck, 2019, 41(10):3656-3660. doi:10.1002/hed.25895.
[30]Patel N, Scott-Coombes D. Impact of surgical volume and surgical outcome assessing registers on the quality of thyroid surgery[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019, 33(4):101317. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.101317.
[31]de Carvalho AY, Gomes CC, Chulam TC, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of postoperative neck hematomas: an analysis of 5, 900 thyroidectomies performed at a cancer center[J]. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2021, 25(3):e421-e427. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1714129.
[32]Edafe O, Cochrane E, Balasubramanian SP. Reoperation for bleeding after thyroid and parathyroid surgery: incidence, risk factors, prevention, and management[J]. World J Surg, 2020, 44(4):1156-1162. doi:10.1007/s00268-019-05322-2.
Wang P, Yan HC. Endoscopic thyroid lobectomy via bilateral areolar approach——Wang's seven-step method[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2017, 26(5):541-546. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005-6947.2017.05.001.
Chinese Thyroid Association, Specialized Committee of Thyroid Disease of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Expert Committee on Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Surgery of the Thyroid, Cross-straits Medicine Exchange Association, et al. Expert consensus of endoscopic thyroid surgery via thoracic approach (2017 edition)[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2017, 37(12):1369-1373. doi: 10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2017.12.14.
Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on suture technique and material selection in endoscopic thyroid surgery(2021 edition)[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2021, 41(5):512-514. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2021.05.05.
Wang P, Yan HC. Prevention and Treatment of Complications in Total Endoscopic Thyroid Cancer Surgery [J]. Journal of Laparoscopic Surgery, 2012, 17(11):806-809. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-6612.2012.11.003.
[38]Salem FA, Bergenfelz A, Nordenström E, et al. Evaluating risk factors for re-exploration due to postoperative neck hematoma after thyroid surgery: a nested case-control study[J]. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2019, 404(7):815-823. doi:10.1007/s00423-019-01836-4.
Working Group of Thyroid Surgery, Chinese College of Surgeons, Chinese Medical Doctor Association; Thyroid Disease Committee, Chinese Research Hospital Association; Chinese General Surgery Association; China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care. Chinese expert consensus on thyroid reoperation[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2025, 34(11). doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250473. [Online ahead of print]
[40]Iliff HA, El-Boghdadly K, Ahmad I, et al. Management of haematoma after thyroid surgery: systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus guidelines from the difficult airway society, the British association of endocrine and thyroid surgeons and the British association of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery[J]. Anaesthesia, 2022, 77(1):82-95. doi:10.1111/anae.15585.
Cite this article as: Ma JJ, Xie QP, Xu H, et al. Prevention and management of bleeding in endoscopic thyroid surgery[J]. Chin J Gen Surg, 2025, 34(11):2326-2334. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250582