(A)two posterior spinal arteries and two anterior spinal arteries 两条脊椎后动脉和两条脊椎前动脉
(B)two posterior spinal arteries and one anterior spinal artery 两条脊椎后动脉和一条脊椎前动脉
(C)branches of the lumbar arteries 腰动脉分支
(D) radicularis magna (artery of Adamkiewicz) and two posterior spinal arteries 大前根动脉（Adamkiewicz动脉）和两条脊椎后动脉
(E)internal iliac arteries 髂内动脉
11.(B) The blood supply to the spinal cord is primarily by three longitudinally running arteries— twoposteriorspinalarteriesandoneanterior spinal artery.The anterior spinal artery supplies approximately 80% of the intrinsic spinal cord vasculature.Itisformedbytheunionofabranch from the terminal part of each vertebral artery. Itactuallyconsistsoflongitudinalseriesoflongitudinalseriesof functionally individual blood vessels with wide variationinlumensizeandanatomicdiscontinuations.脊髓的血供主要是三条纵向行走的动脉---两条脊椎后动脉和一条脊椎前动脉。脊椎前动脉的血供占脊髓固有血管的80%.是由每根椎动脉终末分支汇合组成的。包括在不同血管的纵向行走部分，这些血管大小、解剖走向变异较大。
Thespinalcordhasthreemajorarterial supplyregions:C1toT3(cervicothoracic region), T3 to T8 (midthoracic region), and T8 to the conus (thoracolumbar region). There is a poor anastomosis between these three regions. AsaresultthebloodflowattheT3andT8 levels is tenuous. In spinal stenosis, especially in the lower cervical region, the anterior spinal arterymaybecompressedbyadorsalosteophyte and a HNP leading to the anterior spinal syndrome (loss of motor function).脊髓有三个主要的动脉供应区：C1 -T3 （颈胸段），T3 -T8 （中胸段）和T8-圆锥（胸腰段）。在这三个区域的血管吻合较少，因此T3和T8水平的供血少。在椎间狭窄中，特别是下颈椎椎管狭窄中，骨赘和髓核突出会压迫脊椎前动脉从而引起脊髓前动脉综合症（运动功能丧失）。
There are two posterior spinal arteries that arisefromtheposteriorinferiorcerebellar arteries.两条脊髓后动脉起源于小脑后下动脉。
Thethreelongitudinalarteriesarereinforcedby“feeder”arteries.Theyarespinal branchesofthecervical,vertebralposterior intercostal,lumbar,andlateralsacralarteries. Approximately six or seven of these contribute to the anterior spinal artery and another six or seventotheposteriorspinalarteries,butat different levels. The largest of these arteries is known as the radicularis magna or the artery of Adamkiewicz. 除三根纵行动脉，还有颈椎后椎体间动脉、腰动脉、骶外侧动脉发出的分支供应脊髓。大约有6-7支这样的分支汇入脊椎前动脉，在不同节段水平另有6-7支加入脊椎后动脉。其中最大的动脉是大前根动脉（Adamkiewicz动脉）
12. Themostcommonoriginofthearteryof Adamkiewicz is Adamkiewicz 动脉最常见的起源在
(A)between T4 and T6
(B)at T7
(C)between T8 and L3
(D)at L4
(E)at L5
12.(C) Thearteryof Adamkiewiczoriginateson theleftbetweentheT8andL3levelinmost cases.Thisisthelargestofthefeederarteries thatsuppliestheanteriorspinalartery.The artery of Adamkiewicz enters through an intervertebral foramen between T8 and L3 to supply the lumbar enlargement.
Inasmallpercentageofcases(15%)the takeoffishigheratT5.Inthiscaseaslender contributionfromtheiliacarteryenlargesto compensate for the increased blood flow to the lumbar portion of the cord and the conus.
The cervical portion up to the upper thoracic region, the anterior spinal artery receives contributionsfromthesubclavianarteries.By thetimethebloodreachestheT4segmentit becomes tenuous. Although, the T4 to T9 area of thespinalcordreceivesbloodfromthefeeder vessels, it is relatively small.多数情况下，Adamkiewicz 动脉起源于T8-L3节段的左侧。这是汇入脊髓前动脉中最大的一支。Adamkiewicz 动脉穿过T8-L3的椎间孔供应脊髓腰膨大段。少数情况下（15%）,其起源可高达T5，此时来这髂动脉的细小分支变得粗大以代偿供应脊髓腰段和圆锥的血流。在颈段和上胸段，锁骨下动脉分支汇入脊椎前动脉，到T4阶段时，血流变得稀少。T4-T9节段的脊髓也有支线血管供应，但相对较小。
13. Themostcommonlocationofthe dorsal root ganglion is背根神经节最常见的位置是
(A)medial to the pedicle within the lateral recess 侧隐窝内 椎弓根的内侧
(B)inferolateral to the pedicle 椎弓根的外下方
(C)lateral to the superior articular facet of the corresponding vertebra 相应椎体上关节面的外侧
(D)directly below the pedicle 椎弓根的正下方
(E)medial to the superior articular facet of the corresponding vertebra相应椎体的上关节面内侧
13.(D) Inapproximately90%ofcasestheDRG liesinthemiddlezoneoftheintervertebral foramen, directly below the pedicle. In approximately,8%ofcasesitisinferolateralandin 2%ofcasesitismedialtothepedicle.The center of the DRG lies over the lateral portion of the intervertebral disc in some cases. Its size increases from L1 to S1 and then progressively decreasestillS4.TheDRGatS1is6mmin width.
TheDRGcontainsmultiplesensorycell bodies. It is the site for production of neuropeptides: substance P, enkephalin, VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptides), and other neuropeptides.
The DRG is a primary source of pain when itundergoesmechanicaldeformityasbyan osteophyte,HNP,orstenosis.Italsoproduces pain when it undergoes an inflammatory process eitherbyinfectionorchemicalirritationfroma herniatednucleuspulposus,releaseoflocal neuropeptides or local vascular compromise. 约90%的病例中背根神经节位于椎间孔的中间，椎弓根的正下方。约8%的病例在椎弓根的外下方，2%在内侧。个别病DRG的中心位于椎间盘外侧部分。其大小从L1到S1逐渐加大，然后逐渐变小至S4.S1的DGR有6mm宽。
DGR包含多个感觉神经细胞体。在此处合成神经肽：P物质、脑啡呔、VIP（血管活性肠肽）和其它神经肽。当DGR受骨赘、髓核突出、椎管狭窄压迫变形时，它是引起疼痛的来源。当感染、髓核突出物刺激、局部神经肽释放、血管受损引发化学刺激导致炎症时，也会产生疼痛。
脊髓的血液供应一般分为上、中、下3个区。上区（颈胸区）相当于颈髓和上胸髓（胸节1～3），血液供应来源于颈升动脉、椎动脉等分支形成的前髓动脉；中区（中胸区）相当于胸节4～8，血液供应主要来源于肋间动脉分支形成的前髓动脉。该区的动脉细、数量少、血运差；下区（胸腰区）由下胸髓至脊髓圆锥，血液供应主要来源于腰动脉、髂腰动脉和骶外侧动脉分支形成的前髓动脉。此区动脉粗、数量多。脊髓的血液供应具有完全充分的髓动脉供应区，全长有颈节6、胸节10和腰节2 。有些脊髓节由于髓动脉之间吻合不够充分，形成血液供应的薄弱区，如胸节4和腰节1，其中以胸节4最易发生缺血性损害。
Thespinalcordhasthreemajorarterial supplyregions:C1toT3(cervicothoracic region), T3 to T8 (midthoracic region), and T8 to the conus (thoracolumbar region). There is a poor anastomosis between these three regions. AsaresultthebloodflowattheT3andT8 levels is tenuous. In spinal stenosis, especially in the lower cervical region, the anterior spinal arterymaybecompressedbyadorsalosteophyte and a HNP leading to the anterior spinal syndrome (loss of motor function).脊髓有三个主要的动脉供应区：C1 -T3 （颈胸段），T3 -T8 （中胸段）和T8-圆锥（胸腰段）。在这三个区域之间的血管吻合较少，因此T3和T8水平的供血少。在椎间狭窄中，特别是下颈椎椎管狭窄中，骨赘和髓核突出会压迫脊椎前动脉从而引起脊髓前动脉综合症（运动功能丧失）。
怎么中国人和外国人写得不一样？
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