Nordic guidelines for neuraxial blocks in disturbed haemostasis

shenxiu2

Review Article
Nordic guidelines for neuraxial blocks in disturbed haemostasis from the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine


H. BREIVIK 1 , U. BANG 2 , J. JALONEN 3 , G. VIGFÚSSON 4 , S. ALAHUHTA 5 and M. LAGERKRANSER 6 [url=] [/url] 1 Section for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway, [url=] [/url] 2 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark, [url=] [/url] 3 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, [url=] [/url] 4 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Landspitalinn, Reykjavik, Iceland, [url=] [/url] 5 Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and [url=] [/url] 6 Section for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Correspondence to [url=] [/url]Address:
Harald Breivik
Section for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
University of Oslo and Olso University Hospital
Rikshospitalet 0027
Oslo
Norway




ABSTRACT
Background:



Central neuraxial blocks (CNBs) for surgery and analgesia are an important part of anaesthesia practice in the Nordic countries. More active thromboprophylaxis with potent antihaemostatic drugs has increased the risk of bleeding into the spinal canal. National guidelines for minimizing this risk in patients who benefit from such blocks vary in their recommendations for safe practice.

Methods:



The Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SSAI) appointed a task force of experts to establish a Nordic consensus on recommendations for best clinical practice in providing effective and safe CNBs in patients with an increased risk of bleeding. We performed a literature search and expert evaluation of evidence for (1) the possible benefits of CNBs on the outcome of anaesthesia and surgery, for (2) risks of spinal bleeding from hereditary and acquired bleeding disorders and antihaemostatic drugs used in surgical patients for thromboprophylaxis, for (3) risk evaluation in published case reports, and for (4) recommendations in published national guidelines. Proposals from the taskforce were available for feedback on the SSAI web-page during the summer of 2008.

Results:



Neuraxial blocks can improve comfort and reduce morbidity (strong evidence) and mortality (moderate evidence) after surgical procedures. Haemostatic disorders, antihaemostatic drugs, anatomical abnormalities of the spine and spinal blood vessels, elderly patients, and renal and hepatic impairment are risk factors for spinal bleeding (strong evidence). Published national guidelines are mainly based on experts' opinions (weak evidence). The task force reached a consensus on Nordic guidelines, mainly based on our experts' opinions, but we acknowledge different practices in heparinization during vascular surgery and peri-operative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during neuraxial blocks.

Conclusions:



Experts from the five Nordic countries offer consensus recommendations for safe clinical practice of neuraxial blocks and how to minimize the risks of serious complications from spinal bleeding. A brief version of the recommendations is available on http://www.ssai.info.