作者 J French and LM Sharp
翻译 祁门县人民医院麻醉科 孙路
如果我们混合不同的局部麻醉药制剂会发生什么?比如利多卡因和左布比卡因,这会如何影响最大剂量的计算?
局部麻醉药的混合使用并不被制药工业所推荐,但是对临床医师们却是一个标准的技术,许多药物制剂临床医师是可以混合使用的,因为它们的溶液的PH是相近的。
混合使用局麻药的背后理论基础是这可以获得两种药物的长处(比如利多卡因起效快速,左布比卡因维持时间长)。
相反的,混合两种药物带来的稀释结果可能还有争议,如果等容量混合将包含各自一半的浓度,这可能是对的。但是出乎意料的是只有少量的证据支持或者反对这些观点。我们相信最终答案应该归结 于临床的偏好。
我们 必须要记住的是每种局麻药混后是在所有兴奋的细胞膜发挥作用,所以逾量后会带来中毒的效应(见下),如果混合局部麻醉药,我们推荐安全的剂量不要超过结合后最大量的100%。比如10ml的1%利多卡因含100mg,对于一个50kg的病人来说是最大用量的50%,同时对于同样的病人而言10ml的2.5mg/ml的左布比卡因代表最大剂量的25%,用20ml的两种混合药物意味着溶液包含最大剂量的75%,这是安全的。但是40ml的同样的混合液将是最大剂量的150%,这可能导致毒性的发生。如果选择的任何溶液都加了肾上腺素,这会提高利多卡因的极量,意味着可使用更大的剂量。
原文部分如下:
What happens if I mix different LA preparations, eg lidocaine and levobupivacaine? How does this affect calculation of the maximum dose?
Mixing of LAs is not recommended by the pharmaceutical industry but is a standard technique for some clinicians. Most preparations are miscible as the pH of the solutions is similar.
The theory behind the mixing of LA solutions is that one gets the benefits of both drugs (eg rapid onset of lidocaine and the prolonged duration of levobupivacaine). Conversely, it could be argued that the resulting solution is a diluted mixture of both drugs, containing half the concentration of each (if mixed to equal volumes). This may be true but there is surprisingly little evidence supporting or refuting either of these arguments. We believe the answer comes down to clinical preference.
What must be remembered is that each LA in the mixture acts on allexcitable membranes so an excess may result in toxic effects (see below). If mixing LAs, we recommend that the safest practice is not to exceed 100% of the combined maximum dose. For example, 10ml of lidocaine 1% contains 100mg of drug, ie 50% of the maximum dose for a 50kg patient. Furthermore, 10ml of 2.5mg/ml levobupivacaine would represent 25% of the maximum in the same patient. Using a 20ml mixture of the two would mean that the solution contains 75% of the maximum and should therefore be safe. However, 40ml of the same mixture would be 150% of the recommended maximum and may result in toxicity. If either of the solutions chosen contains adrenaline, then this increases the maximum dose for lidocaine, meaning a larger volume can be used.
全文请搜索 Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2012 Mar; 94(2): 76–80.
doi: 10.1308/003588412X13171221502185
PMCID: PMC3954146
PMID: 22391358
Local anaesthetics
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