Ring and Messmer的四步分级量表是最广泛用于描述围术期过敏反应临床表现的实用工具(详见表1),具体可表现为:皮肤潮红,出现斑丘疹,荨麻疹,可伴有低血压,心动过速,心律失常,支气管高反应性,支气管痉挛,胃肠道症状,更甚者可能导致呼吸心跳骤停。手术时,因为患者处于麻醉状态下无法与医生进行交流,并且皮肤被手术洞巾覆盖,可能会掩盖过敏的早期或中期症状(如,瘙痒或呼吸急促),从而导致病情进一步进展。因此,需要麻醉医生根据患者的症状及生命体征做出快速准确的判断,以挽救患者的生命。
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