内容:对非心脏手术患者围术期心血管评估和管理指南、术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)管理指南、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者围术期管理指南、急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗的麻醉专家共识、妊娠期心搏骤停管理的共识声明、椎管内麻醉消毒安全指南、动脉采血安全指南、老年患者围术期护理指南、循环休克与血流动力学监测共识等概况、要点予以介绍。
趋向:及时追踪掌握国际麻醉领域内指南,有助于规范临床麻醉实践,保证临床麻醉安全实施。
【关键词】麻醉;指南;术后恶心呕吐;阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停;心搏骤停;椎管内麻醉
Updated guidelines in anesthesiology:2014 year in review Bo Lulong,Xiao ming Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care,Changhai Hospital,the Second Military Medical University,Shanghai 200433,China
【Abstract】Background With the rapid progress in anesthesiology,the update of guidelines in anesthesiais of great help to promote the quality of clinical anesthesia.Objective To review the guidelines and consensus published in 2014.Content Guidelines covering perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients under going noncardiac surgery,anesthetic management of obstructive sleep apnea,endovascular treatment for acute isehemic stroke,postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV),cardiac arrest in pregnancy,skin antisepsis for central neuraxial blockade,arterial line blood sampling,and perioperative care of the elderly will be over viewed and main points will be highlighted. Trend Anesthesiologists should track and be familiar with the latest guidelines in the area.These guidelines will update our practice pattern of clinical anesthesia,which will further ensure patient safety.
【Key words】Anesthesia;Guideline;Postoperative nausea and vomiting;Obstructive sleep apnea;Cardiac arrest;Central neuraxial blockade
两份指南对现有研究系统评价后认为,在非心脏手术前1 d或1 d之内给予β受体阻滞剂可预防非致命性心肌梗死,但显著增加卒中、低血压、心动过缓及死亡风险。因此,下调β受体阻滞剂围术期应用的推荐等级,成为两份新指南最大特点。其要点如下:若患者近期正服用β受体阻滞剂,推荐术前继续服用(I ,B);若患者存在两个以上风险因素(包括糖尿病、心力衰竭、冠状动脉疾病、肾功能不全及脑血管事件)或美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)评分≥3,可考虑术前β受体阻滞剂治疗(I I b,B);若患者诊断有缺血性心脏病或心肌缺血,可考虑术前β受体阻滞剂治疗(1I b,B);可考虑阿替洛尔或比索洛尔作为非心脏手术患者的术前口服用药(I I b,B);不推荐术前使用不加滴定的大剂量β受体阻滞剂治疗(Ⅲ,C);不推荐接受低危手术的患者术前使用β受体阻滞剂治疗(Ⅲ,C)。
二、术后恶心呕吐(post operative nausea and vomiting PONV)管理指南
PONV管理指南由美国门诊麻醉学会更新[6](首版于2003年发布,2007年更新)。新指南纳入近年多项PONV研究结果,从8个方面予以阐述。在风险评估上,年龄<50岁患者PONV风险显著增加。与其他普外科手术比较,胆囊切除术、妇科手术及腹腔镜手术PONV发生风险较高。对PONV风险增加的儿童,应预防性给予止吐药。若预防性药物未有效避免PONV发生,应予以止吐药治疗。儿童PONV发生风险包括手术时间>30 mi n、年龄>3岁、斜视手术、本人或父母曾发生PONV。在降低基线风险上,推荐给予患者足够液体,避免或以最小剂量应用氧化亚氮、挥发性麻醉药及术后阿片类药物镇痛。对PONV中度风险患者,建议采用1—2种干预措施;对PONV高度风险患者,建议预防性采用联合治疗(≥2种措施)。指南对神经激肽-1受体拮抗剂等新型药物在PONV预防及治疗方案中的地位,
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