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锁骨上入路锁骨下静脉穿刺:被遗忘的中心静脉穿刺方法
Supraclavicular Subclavian Vein Catheterization: The Forgotten Central Line
Shannon P. Patrick, MD, Marius A. Tijunelis, MD, Sonia Johnson, MD, and Mel E. Herbert, MD
University of Southern California - Keck School of Medicine, LAC+USC Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine
Address for Correspondence: Mel Herbert, MD, LAC+USC Medical Center, 1200 Nth State Street, Department of Emergency Medicine, Room 1011, Los Angeles, CA 90033. Email: [email protected].
Received August 15, 2008; Revised September 4, 2008; Accepted September 12, 2008.
Abstract
While the supraclavicular approach to the subclavian vein has been described since 1965, it is generally employed much less often than the “traditional” infraclavicular approach. Although randomized trials are lacking, the best evidence suggests that the supraclavicular approach has a number of important advantages to the infraclavicular approach. The landmarks and relative merits of the procedure are described in this paper.
INTRODUCTION
Central venous catheterization is a vital intervention in critically ill patients for a variety of purposes, including volume resuscitation, central venous pressure monitoring, transvenous cardiac pacing, hemodialysis access, and hypertonic or irritant substance infusion. Central lines are typically introduced into the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral veins. The proper choice of insertion site is essential for success. Various methods of placement have evolved, each with its own advantages and potential complications.
Several anatomic advantages of the subclavian vein for central access include its large diameter, absence of valves, and ability to remain patent and in a relatively constant position.1,2 Subclavian catheterization also carries a lower risk of catheter-related infection and thrombosis than femoral or internal jugular vein catheterization.3
Since Aubaniac’s original description in 1952,4 subclavian vein catheterization via the infraclavicular approach has become a well-established technique. In 1965 an alternate supraclavicular approach was described by Yoffa.1 This supraclavicular route to the subclavian vein has some distinct advantages over the infraclavicular approach; however it is less often taught and utilized for reasons that are not clear.
Advantages of the Supraclavicular Approach
Advantages of the supraclavicular approach over the infraclavicular technique include: a well-defined insertion landmark (the clavisternomastoid angle); a shorter distance from skin to vein; a larger target area; a straighter path to the superior vena cava; less proximity to the lung; and fewer complications of pleural or arterial puncture.1,2,5–8 In addition, the supraclavicular approach less often necessitates interruption of CPR or tube thoracostomy than the infraclavicular method.9,10
Approach
The objective of the supraclavicular technique is to puncture the subclavian vein in its superior aspect just as it joins the internal jugular vein. The key to success, according to Yoffa,1 is correct identification of the clavisternomastoid angle formed by the junction of the lateral head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the clavicle. Active raising of the patient’s head may make this landmark more apparent. The needle is inserted 1 cm lateral to the lateral head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and 1 cm posterior to the clavicle and directed at a 45-degree angle to the sagittal and transverse planes and 15 degrees below the coronal plane aiming toward the contralateral nipple.5 The needle bisects the clavisternomastoid angle as it is advanced in an avascular plane, away from the subclavian artery and the dome of the pleura, entering the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins.
文献全文:http://www.biomedsearch.com/attachments/00/19/56/18/19561831/wjem-10-110.pdf |
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