呼吸末CO2监测（新英格兰杂志）

bird111

capnography is increasely use to monitor patients who are recieving mechanical ventilation in an intensive unite and to aid in assessement and treatment of cardiac arrest .before capnography is avaliable ,physistes relyed on physical exame such as auscautation of chest to assess the adequency of ventilation and proper placement of endointubation and artertary gas analysis to determine partial blood pressure of carbin dioxide .capnogragraphy allows noninvasive and continuious monitor the level of carbin dioxide and provide valueble information reguarding as metabotic , respiratoryand circulatory cindition of patient, although capnography is not complicated ,clinisist must understand the preciple of capnography and how it works in order to intepret the informamation it provides
definition :capnometry refers to measurement and new metrical display of carbin dioxide concentration, capnography refers to display exhaled and inhaled concentration of carbin dioxide applied at the time  .colour metrynography is a qualitated method determining the presence of carbin dioxide using PH sensitive filter that changes the colour from purple to yellow when co2 is detected .
terminology :Paco2 denotes the partial pressure of artarial carbin dioxide

bird111

end tidal carbin dioxide (EPco2) is the percentage of concentration or partail pressure of carbin dioxide at the end of exhalation .normaly five percentage of atmosphere pressure approximately 38% millimeter of mercury at sea level .hypercapnia and  hypercarbia refer to greater than normal partial  pressure of carbin dioxide in  blood ;.hypocapnia and  hypocarbia  refer to lower than partial pressure .
indication  :capnography is used in the operating room to aid in proper placement of endointubation and to monitor ventilation.capnography is increasely used in assess the adequency of ventilation and to monitor hypercapnia or hypocapnia in the treatment area such as intensive unite ,postanesthesia unite ,emergency department and ambulance; endoscopy suite ;sleep labortary;cardiac catherization labortary .carbin dioxide detection is frequently used in cardiac pulmonary resuscitation to aid in proper placement of endointubtation and to assess effectiveness of resuscitation effort while pulsometery  is a good method to assess of  oxygenation .capnography provides more direct information of patients ventilation status. capnography is particularly helpful in the patients who are recieving submental oxygenation during which a normal hemoglobe saturation can be presented in  spite  to marred type of ventilation.
contraindication :

Constant

感谢bird111的帮助，很不错，晚一点我来整理一下，发出来。
都是在您的帮助下。