新青年麻醉论坛

标题: 【精华】Anesthesiology，A&A 摘要翻译 [打印本页]

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:36
标题: 【精华】Anesthesiology，A&A 摘要翻译
【第365篇】多巴胺D1受体活化促进异氟烷全身麻醉苏醒 Anesthesiology.2013 Jan;118(1):30-39.

Activation of D1 Dopamine Receptors Induces Emergence from Isoflurane General Anesthesia.

Taylor NE, Chemali JJ, Brown EN, Solt K.

* Clinical Fellow, Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Resident, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. ? Research Assistant, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. ? Anesthetist, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Warren M. Zapol Professor, Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School; Professor of Computational Neuroscience, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Professor of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. § Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School; Assistant Anesthetist, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Research Affiliate, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A recent study showed that methylphenidate induces emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Methylphenidate inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that selective dopamine receptor activation induces emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.
METHODS: In adult rats, we tested the effects of chloro-APB (D1 agonist) and quinpirole (D2 agonist) on time to emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia. We then performed a dose-response study to test for chloro-APB-induced restoration of righting during continuous isoflurane anesthesia. SCH-23390 (D1 antagonist) was used to confirm that the effects induced by chloro-APB are specifically mediated by D1 receptors. In a separate group of animals, spectral analysis was performed on surface electroencephalogram recordings to assess neurophysiologic changes induced by chloro-APB and quinpirole during isoflurane general anesthesia.
RESULTS: Chloro-APB decreased median time to emergence from 330 to 50 s. The median difference in time to emergence between the saline control group (n = 6) and the chloro-APB group (n = 6) was 222 s (95% CI: 77-534 s, Mann-Whitney test). This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0082). During continuous isoflurane anesthesia, chloro-APB dose-dependently restored righting (n = 6) and decreased electroencephalogram δ power (n = 4). These effects were inhibited by pretreatment with SCH-23390. Quinpirole did not restore righting (n = 6) and had no significant effect on the electroencephalogram (n = 4) during continuous isoflurane anesthesia.
CONCLUSIONS: Activation of D1 receptors by chloro-APB decreases time to emergence from isoflurane anesthesia and produces behavioral and neurophysiologic evidence of arousal during continuous isoflurane anesthesia. These findings suggest that selective activation of a D1 receptor-mediated arousal mechanism is sufficient to induce emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia.

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多巴胺D1受体活化促进异氟烷全身麻醉苏醒

背景：最近的一项研究表明哌醋甲酯促进异氟烷全身麻醉苏醒。哌醋甲酯能够抑制多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的再摄取。本研究旨在验证选择性活化多巴胺受体可促进异氟烷全身麻醉苏醒的假说。

方法：在成年大鼠中，我们检测多巴胺D1受体激动剂（chloro-APB）和D2受体激动剂（quinpirole）对异氟烷全身麻醉苏醒时间的影响。然后，我们对chloro-APB促进持续异氟烷全身麻醉大鼠翻正反射恢复的作用进行剂量相关性研究。D1受体抑制剂（SCH-23390）用于证实chloro-APB通过选择性作用于D1受体发挥促进苏醒的作用。在单独一组动物中，我们对记录到的脑电图进行频谱分析，进而评价在持续异氟烷全身麻醉时chloro-APB和quinpirole对神经生理学影响。

结果：chloro-APB将苏醒中位时间从330s降低到50s。生理盐水组（n=6）和chloro-APB组（n=6）苏醒时间差值的中位数为222s（95% 可信区间: 77-534 s, Mann-Whitney test）。差异具有统计学意义（p=0.0082）。在异氟烷持续麻醉时，chloro-APB剂量依赖性促进翻正反射恢复（n=6）和减少δ 脑电波的活动（n=4）。通过SCH-23390预处理可抑制该作用。在异氟烷持续麻醉时，Quinpirole组未出现翻正反射恢复（n=6）及对脑电图无明显影响（n=4）。

结论：D1受体活化减少异氟烷全身麻醉的苏醒时间，觉醒行为学和神经生理学的证据明其在异氟烷持续全身麻醉时能够促进觉醒。这些发现提示，选择性激活D1受体足以导致异氟烷全身麻醉的苏醒。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:36
【第364篇】硬膜外药物及手术对开放性肾脏手术后膀胱功能的影响：一项临床随机试验研究 Anesthesiology.2013 Jan;118(1):70-7.

Influence of epidural mixture and surgery on bladder function after open renal surgery: a randomized clinical trial.

Wuethrich PY, Metzger T, Mordasini L, Kessler TM, Curatolo M, Burkhard FC.

* Consultant in Anesthesia, § Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, ? Resident, ‖ Professor and Vice Chair-woman, Department of Urology, University Hospital Bern, Berne, Switzerland. ? Head of Neuro-Urology, Spinal Cord Injury Center and Research, University of Zürich, Balgrist University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In a previous observational study, thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) after open renal surgery resulted in clinically relevant postvoid residuals (PVRs). This study aimed to investigate the individual contribution of epidurally administrated drugs and surgery in bladder dysfunction.

METHODS: In this single-center, parallel-group, randomized (computer-generated list), double-blind superiority trial, 40 patients undergoing open renal surgery were equally allocated to receive epidural bupivacaine (0.125%) alone or with fentanyl (2 ?g/ml). Patients underwent urodynamic investigations before TEA and during TEA preoperatively and postoperatively. Primary outcome was the difference (Δ) in PVR between before TEA and postoperatively during TEA. Secondary outcomes were changes in detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate, bladder compliance, and ΔPVR between different time points.

RESULTS: Median ΔPVR (ml) from baseline to postoperatively was 180 (range, -85 to 645; P = 0.001) in the bupivacaine group and 235 (range, 0-580; P value less than 0.001) in the bupivacaine/fentanyl group, with no difference between groups (95% confidence interval, -167 to 103; P = 0.634). Detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate (cm H2O) from baseline was more pronounced in the bupivacaine/fentanyl than that in the bupivacaine group preoperatively (-10; range, -64 to -2; P value less than 0.001 vs. -3; range, -35 to 13; P = 0.397) (P = 0.045) and postoperatively (-18; range, -64 to 0; P value less than 0.001 vs. -12; range, -34 to 22; P = 0.006) (P = 0.135). Surgery did not affect PVRs, but a decreased bladder compliance was observed in both groups. No adverse events occurred.

CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic epidurally administrated bupivacaine resulted in clinically relevant PVRs based on impaired detrusor function. The addition of fentanyl enhanced this effect without generating greater PVRs. After surgery, the voiding phase was not further impaired; however, bladder compliance was decreased.

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硬膜外药物及手术对开放性肾脏手术后膀胱功能的影响：一项临床随机试验研究

【摘要】

背景：在之前的一项观察性研究发现，开放性肾脏手术术后采用胸段硬膜外镇痛（TEA）可导致临床相关的尿液残留（PVRs）。该研究旨在研究硬膜外注射药物和手术各自对膀胱功能的影响。

方法：该研究为单中心随机对照双盲试验，40位接受开放性肾脏外科手术的病人随机分为两组。一组接受硬膜外布比卡因（0.125%）注射，另一组接受硬膜外布比卡因和芬太尼（2 ?g/ml）注射。在TEA之前、术前TEA过程中、及术后检测尿动力学变化。研究的主要结果为TEA前和术后TEA中PVR的差别。次要结果包括最高流量时逼尿肌的压力、膀胱顺应性和不同时间点PVR的差别。

结果：布比卡因组，PVR基线值（注：查看全文后“基线值”为TEA前检测值）与术后PVR差值的中位数为180（范围，-85 ~ 645；P = 0.001），布比卡因/芬太尼组为235（范围，0-580；P < 0.001），两组差异无统计学意义（95%可信区间-167~103；P = 0.634）。术前布比卡因/芬太尼组最大流速时逼尿肌的压力值（注：该处指的是“术前TEA后”检测值）与基线值的差值较布比卡因组明显(-10；范围，-64 ~ -2；P< 0.001 vs. -3；范围，-35 ~ 13；P = 0.397) (P = 0.045) ，术后亦如此 (-18；范围， -64 to 0; P value less than 0.001 vs. -12；范围， -34 ~ 22; P = 0.006) (P = 0.135)。手术对PVRs没有影响，但在两组均发现膀胱的顺应性下降。无不良反应发生。

结论：胸段硬膜外注射布比卡因通过影响逼尿肌的功能导致临床相关PVRs。联合注射芬太尼增强对逼尿肌功能的影响，但未发现导致更严重的PVRs。手术对排空期无进一步影响；然而，膀胱的顺应性下降。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:37
【第363篇】吸入含氢气的混合气体可减少新生小鼠暴露于七氟烷后的神经元凋亡及继发的行为异常 Anesthesiology. 2013 Jan;118(1):105-13

Coadministration of hydrogen gas as part of the carrier gas mixture suppresses neuronal apoptosis and subsequent behavioral deficits caused by neonatal exposure to sevoflurane in mice.

Yonamine R, Satoh Y, Kodama M, Araki Y, Kazama T.

* Assistant Professor, ? Associate Professor, ? Postgraduate Student, § Professor and Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In animal models, several anesthetics induce widespread increases in neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain with subsequent neurologic deficits. Although the mechanisms are largely unknown, the neurotoxicity may, at least in part, be due to elevated oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. In an investigation of potential therapies that could protect against this type of damage, we studied the effects of molecular hydrogen on anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity in the developing mouse brain.

METHODS: Six-day-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 6 h with or without hydrogen (< 1.3%) as part of the carrier gas mixture. Apoptosis was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3 (n = 8-10/group). Western blot analysis for cleaved poly-(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase was also performed to examine apoptosis (n = 3-6/group). Oxidative stress was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (n = 8/group). Long-term memory and social behavior were examined using the fear conditioning test and the sociability test, respectively (n = 18-20/group).

RESULTS: Western blot analysis showed that coadministration of 1.3% hydrogen gas significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the level of neuronal apoptosis to approximately 40% compared with sevoflurane exposure alone. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that hydrogen reduced oxidative stress induced by neonatal sevoflurane exposure. Although neonatal sevoflurane exposure caused impairment in long-term memory and abnormal social behaviors in adulthood, mice coadministered hydrogen gas with sevoflurane did not exhibit these deficits.

CONCLUSIONS: Inhalation of hydrogen gas robustly decreased neuronal apoptosis and subsequent cognitive impairments caused by neonatal exposure to sevoflurane.

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吸入含氢气的混合气体可减少新生小鼠暴露于七氟烷后的神经元凋亡及继发的行为异常

【摘要】

背景：在动物模型中，一些麻醉药物导致大脑发育过程中神经元凋亡增加并继发功能障碍。尽管该机制十分不明确，但认为其神经毒性作用可能一部分与线粒体功能障碍导致的氧化应激损伤有关。为了探索该损伤可能的治疗方法，本实验对氢气在麻醉药物导致小鼠大脑发育过程神经毒性中的作用进行研究。

方法：出生6天的C57BL/6小鼠分别暴露于含有氢气（<1.3%）和不含氢气的七氟烷（3%）中6小时。通过免疫组化检测cleaved caspase-3作为凋亡的指标（n=8-10 每组）。Western blot方法检测多聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖聚合酶作为凋亡指标（n=3-6 每组）。免疫组化的方法检测4-羟基壬烯醛（4-hydroxy-2-nonenal）作为氧化应激损伤的指标（n=8 每组）。长时记忆和社会活动分别通过恐惧条件化测试（fear conditioning test）和社交能力测试（sociability test）（n=18-20 每组）。

结果：Western blot检测结果发现联合吸入1.3%氢气组与只吸入七氟烷组相比神经元凋亡率下降约40%（P<0.001）。免疫组化研究表明氢气减少新生小鼠七氟烷暴露后的氧化应激反应。尽管，新生小鼠暴露于七氟烷可导致其成年后不可恢复的长时记忆功能和社交能力障碍，但联合吸入氢气组小鼠未表现出这些功能障碍。

结论：吸入氢气可明显减少新生期暴露于七氟烷而导致的神经元凋亡及认知功能障碍。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:37
【第362篇】脂多糖刺激单核细胞通过NFKB1基因启动子-94ins/delATTG影响NFKB1的核转位并增加脓毒症死亡率Anesthesiology. 2013 Jan;118(1):123-133.

The NFKB1 Promoter Polymorphism (-94ins/delATTG) Alters Nuclear Translocation of NF-κB1 in Monocytes after Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation and Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Sepsis.

Adamzik M, Sch?fer S, Frey UH, Becker A, Kreuzer M, Winning S, Frede S, Steinmann J, Fandrey J, Zacharowski K, Siffert W, Peters J, Hartmann M.

* Associate Professor, ? Research Assistant, ? Medical Student, ?? Professor, Klinik für An?sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin, § Associate Professor, ‖ Professor, Institut für Physiologie, # Research Assistant, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, ?? Professor, Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universit?t Duisburg-Essen, Universit?tsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany. ** Professor, Klinik für An?sthesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Klinikum der Goethe Universit?t Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Because the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) coupled pathway is believed to amplify inflammation prevailing in sepsis, the authors tested the hypotheses that the insertion-deletion polymorphism (-94ins/delATTG) (1) alters nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1 (NF-κB1) in monocytes after lipopolysaccharide stimulation; (2) affects lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB1 messenger RNA expression, tumor necrosis factor α concentrations, and tissue factor activity; and (3) may be associated with increased 30-day mortality in patients with sepsis.

METHODS: Nuclear translocation of NF-κB1 in monocytes after lipopolysaccharide stimulation from healthy blood donors was performed with immunofluorescence staining (n = 5 each). Lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB1 messenger RNA expression was measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR; n = 60), tumor necrosis factor α concentrations with a multiplexing system kit (n = 60), and tissue factor activity with thromboelastometry (n = 105). In a prospective study, multivariate proportional hazard analysis tested 30-day mortality in patients with sepsis (n = 143).

METHODS AND RESULTS: The homozygous deletion genotype compared with the homozygous insertion genotype was associated with a nearly twofold increase in nuclear translocation of NF-κB1 (P = 0.001), a threefold difference in NF-κB1 messenger RNA expression (P = 0.001), and a twofold increase in tissue factor expression (P = 0.021). The deletion allele in adults with severe sepsis was tested as an independent prognostic factor for 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.13-4.8; P = 0.022). Mortality was 25% for homozygous insertion genotypes but 41% for combined heterozygous deletion/homozygous deletion genotypes (P = 0.034).

CONCLUSION: The deletion allele of the NFκB1 insertion-deletion (-94ins/delATTG) polymorphism is associated with increased 30-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis and increased reaction of the innate immune system.

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脂多糖刺激单核细胞通过NFKB1基因启动子-94ins/delATTG影响NFKB1的核转位并与增加脓毒症死亡率

【摘要】

背景：由于NF-KB耦合途径可放大脓毒症的炎症反应，因此本研究中我们对下述假设进行验证，基因启动子-94ins/delATTG的插入/缺失突变（1）是否改变单核细胞NF-KB和活化因子-1（NF-KB1）的核转位；（2）是否影响脂多糖诱导NFKB1信使RNA的表达，肿瘤坏死因子的浓度和组织因子的活性；（3）是否与脓毒症患者30天死亡率增加有关。

方法：通过免疫荧光染色方法检测健康献血者的单核细胞被脂多糖刺激后NFKB1的核转位（n=5）。在一项前瞻性研究中，通过多元比例风险分析测试脓毒症患者30天死亡率（n=143）。

结果：纯和基因缺失型与纯和基因嵌入型相比，NFKB1核转位几乎是它的两倍（P = 0.001），NFKB1信使RNA的表达是它的3倍（P = 0.001），组织因子表达是它的2倍（P = 0.021）。严重脓毒血症成年患者该等位基因缺失是30天死亡的独立预测因素 (风险比， 2.3； 95% CI，1.13-4.8；P = 0.022)。纯和基因嵌入型的死亡率为25%，而混合杂合缺失或纯和缺失型的死亡率为41% (P = 0.034)。

结论：NF-κB1基因启动子-94ins/delATTG的缺失与严重脓毒症患者30天死亡率增加有关，增强先天免疫系统反应。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:38
【第361篇】全身应用多奈哌齐通过胆碱能和γ-氨基丁酸机制减轻神经损伤后的高敏反应Anesthesiology. 2013 Jan;118(1):173-80.

Relief of Hypersensitivity after Nerve Injury from Systemic Donepezil Involves Spinal Cholinergic and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Mechanisms.

Kimura M, Hayashida K, Eisenach JC, Saito S, Obata H.

* Graduate Student, § Professor of Anesthesiology, ‖ Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan. ? Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, ? FM James, III Professor of Anesthesiology and Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Evoking spinal release of acetylcholine (ACh) produces antinociception in normal animals and reduces hypersensitivity after nerve injury, and some studies suggest that ACh-mediated analgesia relies on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic signaling in the spinal cord. In this study, the authors tested the spinal mechanisms underlying the antihypersensitivity effects of donepezil, a central nervous system-penetrating cholinesterase inhibitor, in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, and L5 spinal nerve ligation was performed unilaterally. Withdrawal threshold to a paw pressure test was measured before and after intraperitoneal administration of donepezil, with or without intrathecal antagonists for cholinergic and GABAergic receptors. Microdialysis studies in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord were also performed to measure extracellular ACh and GABA.

RESULTS: Donepezil increased the withdrawal threshold in spinal nerve ligation rats but not in normal rats. The antihypersensitivity effect of donepezil (1 mg/kg) in spinal nerve ligation rats was reduced by intrathecal pretreatment with atropine (30 μg), a muscarinic receptor antagonist; mecamylamine (100 μg), a nicotinic receptor antagonist; bicuculline (0.03 μg), a γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A antagonist; and CGP 35348 (30 μg), a γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type B antagonist. ACh and GABA concentrations in the microdialysates from the spinal dorsal horn were increased after intraperitoneal donepezil treatment (1 mg/kg) in both normal and spinal nerve ligation rats.

CONCLUSIONS: Systemic administration of donepezil reduces hypersensitivity after nerve injury by increasing extracellular ACh concentration, which itself induces GABA release in the spinal cord. Activation of this spinal cholinergic-GABAergic interaction represents a promising treatment for neuropathic pain.

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全身应用多奈哌齐通过胆碱能和γ-氨基丁酸机制减轻神经损伤后的高敏反应

【摘要】

背景：在正常动物中，促进脊髓释放乙酰胆碱可发挥抗伤害作用，减轻脊髓损伤后的高敏反应。一些研究表明乙酰胆碱通过γ-氨基丁酸通路发挥镇痛作用。多奈哌齐是一种可进入中枢神经系统的胆碱酯酶抑制剂，本实验中我们通过大鼠神经病理性疼痛模型，研究多奈哌齐的对抗高敏反应的机制。

方法：雄性SD大鼠，麻醉后行单侧腰5神经根结扎术。在预先使用或不使用胆碱能和GABA能受体拮抗剂情况下，于腹腔注射多奈哌齐前后，检测大鼠缩足反应的阈值。通过微透析技术检测腰段脊髓同侧脊髓背角细胞外乙酰胆碱和GABA的含量。

结果：多奈哌齐可增加神经根结扎后大鼠的缩足阈值，但对正常大鼠无作用。预先鞘内注射蕈毒碱受体抑制剂阿托品（30 μg)，烟碱受体拮抗剂美卡拉明 (100 μg)，A型γ-氨基丁酸受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹硷(0.03 μg)和B型γ-氨基丁酸受体拮抗剂CGP 35348 (30 μg) 可减轻多奈哌齐（1 mg/kg）在神经根结扎大鼠中的抗高敏反应作用。在正常大鼠和神经根结扎大鼠中，腹腔内注射多奈哌齐后可增加同侧脊髓背角细胞外乙酰胆碱和GABA的含量。

结论：全身应用多奈哌齐可通过增加细胞外乙酰胆碱含量，进而促进GABA的释放，从而减轻神经损伤后的高敏反应。活化脊髓胆碱能-GABA能受体有希望作为神经病理性疼痛的治疗措施。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:39
【第360篇】泛caspase抑制剂可减轻慢性坐骨神经压迫损伤大鼠的肌细胞凋亡和神经病理性疼痛

Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):216-23

A pan-caspase inhibitor reduces myocyte apoptosis and neuropathic pain in rats with chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve.

Gradl G, Herlyn P, Finke B, Gierer P, Wree A, Witt M, Mittlmeier T, Vollmar B.

Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Chronic constriction injury is a widely used model for neuropathic pain in rats. It presents with symptoms resembling human neuropathic pain, such as spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. Recently, myocyte apoptosis was found in neuropathic rats as a possible promoter of pain and motor dysfunction. Our aim in this study was to demonstrate whether muscle cell apoptosis contributes to neuropathic pain in this animal model.

METHODS: To clarify this issue, we examined pain, nutritive perfusion, and inflammation in muscle tissue as well as myocyte apoptosis in rats with neuropathic pain established by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Animals received either the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD (OMe)-fmk (n = 5) or equivalent volumes of vehicle (n = 6). Sham-operated rats served as controls (n = 6).

RESULTS: At day 4 after nerve ligation, there were no signs of perfusion failure or muscle tissue inflammation in all experimental groups. However, animals treated with the vehicle had marked myocyte apoptosis, which was found almost completely blocked in zVA-Dtreated animals. The zVA-Dtreated animals presented with a significant reduction of pain upon heat, cold, and mechanical stimulation comparable with values found in sham controls.

CONCLUSIONS: Myocyte apoptosis possibly contributes to thermal and mechanical allodynia in this experimental model for neuropathic pain. The development of neuropathic pain symptoms did not depend on disturbances in microcirculation or muscle tissue inflammation.
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泛caspase抑制剂可减轻慢性坐骨神经压迫损伤大鼠的肌细胞凋亡和神经病理性疼痛

【摘要】

背景：慢性压迫损伤是大鼠神经病理性痛常用的动物模型。它可以较好模拟人类的神经病理性疼痛，例如自发性疼痛、痛觉过敏和异常性疼痛。近来，在神经病理性痛大鼠中发现肌细胞凋亡可能促进疼痛和运动功能障碍。本实验旨在验证在该动物模型中肌细胞凋亡是否促进神经病理性疼痛。

方法：为阐明该问题，我们建立慢性坐骨神经压迫的神经病理性疼痛大鼠模型，检测疼痛、微循环灌注、肌肉组织中的炎症反应以及肌细胞的凋亡情况。实验动物接受泛caspase抑制剂zVAD (OMe)-fmk (n = 5)或者相同剂量的安慰剂(n = 6)。假手术组作为对照组。

结果：神经结扎后4天，在所有实验组中未出现灌注障碍和肌肉组织炎症的情况。然而，安慰剂处理组出现显著肌细胞凋亡，而在zVAD处理组几乎未出现。与假手术组对比，zVAD处理组对热、冷及机械刺激的疼痛明显减轻。

结论：在该病理性疼痛动物模型中，肌细胞凋亡可能促进热能和机械痛觉过敏。痛觉过敏的症状与肌肉组织微循环灌注障碍或肌肉炎症反应无关。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:40
【第359篇】蛛网膜下腔和颅内出血患者复极化异常：危险因素及其预后相关性

Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):190-7

Repolarization abnormalities in patients with subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage: predisposing factors and association with outcome.

Junttila E, Vaara M, Koskenkari J, Ohtonen P, Karttunen A, Raatikainen P, Ala-Kokko T.

Department of Anesthesiology, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 21, FIN-90029 OUH, Oulu, Finland. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are frequent in patients with intracranial insult. In this study, we evaluated the factors predisposing to the repolarization abnormalities, i.e., prolonged corrected QT (QTc) interval, ischemic-like ECG changes and morphologic end-repolarization abnormalities, and examined the prognostic value of these abnormalities in patients with subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages requiring intensive care.

METHODS: This was a prospective, observational clinical study in a university-level intensive care unit. Clinical characteristics, the level of consciousness, and findings in primary head computed tomography were recorded on admission. The study period was divided into three 2-day sections. In each section, a 12-lead ECG, transthoracic echocardiography, the results of standard blood electrolytes and cardiac troponin I, as well as the rate of vasoactive and sedative drug infusions were recorded. Repolarization abnormalities such as prolongation of the QTc interval (millisecond), ischemic-like ECG changes, and morphologic end-repolarization abnormalities (present/absent) were evaluated and analyzed. The 1-year functional outcome was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Score.

RESULTS: During the 2-year study period, 108 patients were included in the study. Different repolarization abnormalities were frequent in both types of hemorrhage. Prolongation of the QTc interval was predisposed by female gender (β, 24.5; P = 0.010) and the use of propofol (β, 30.5; P = 0.001). The predisposing factor for ischemic-like ECG changes were male gender (odds ratio [OR], 5.9; P = 0.003) and for morphological end-repolarization abnormalities aneurysmatic bleeding (OR, 13.0; P = 0.002). Ischemic-like ECG changes were common, in 87/108 patients during the study period, and were associated with a poorer 1-year functional outcome (OR, 4.7; lower 95% confidence interval, 1.5; P = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONS: Each repolarization abnormality has characteristic predisposing factors. Ischemic-like ECG changes are common and are associated with a poorer 1-year functional outcome.
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蛛网膜下腔和颅内出血患者复极化异常：危险因素及其预后相关性

【摘要】

背景：颅内病变患者常出现心电图异常。在本研究中，我们评估负极化异常（例如， QT间期延长、缺血样心电图改变和复极化晚期形态异常）相关的危险因素及其作为判断需要监护治疗的蛛网膜下腔及颅内出血患者预后的价值。

方法：该研究是在大学级别医院ICU内进行的前瞻性观察性临床研究。记录入院时患者临床特点、意识水平及头颅CT检查的主要发现。研究分为3个为期两天的阶段。在每个阶段，记录12导联心电图、经胸壁超声心动图、电解质、心肌肌钙蛋白I及血管活性药物和镇静药物的输注速度。分析和评估负极化异常（例如， QT间期延长、缺血样心电图改变和复极化晚期形态异常）相关的危险因素。通过格拉斯评分评估1年期间患者运动功能恢复情况。

结果：研究为期2年，共108位患者。在不同类型出血患者中均频繁出现不同程度负极化异常。女性和丙泊酚应用为QT间期延长的危险因素(β, 24.5; P = 0.010)(β, 30.5; P = 0.001) 。男性是缺血样心电图改变(odds ratio [OR], 5.9; P = 0.003) 和复极化晚期形态异常(OR, 13.0; P = 0.002)的危险因素。缺血样心电图改变发生较为普遍，108位患者中有87位出现，并且与1年期患者功能恢复差有关(OR, 4.7; lower 95% 可信区间, 1.5; P = 0.010)。

结论：每种不同的负极化障碍有不同的危险因素。缺血样心电图改变发生较为普遍，并且与1年期患者功能恢复差有关。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:42
【第358篇】地塞米松预防术后恶心呕吐：一项更新的临床随机对照试验Meta分析 Anesth Analg.2013 Jan;116(1):58-74.

Dexamethasone to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

De Oliveira GS Jr, Castro-Alves LJ, Ahmad S, Kendall MC, McCarthy RJ.

MSCI, Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 251 E Huron St, F5-704, Chicago, IL 60611. [email protected].

BACKGROUND: Dexamethasone has an established role in decreasing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV); however, the optimal dexamethasone dose for reducing PONV when it is used as a single or combination prophylactic strategy has not been clearly defined. In this study, we evaluated the use of 4 mg to 5 mg and 8 mg to 10 mg IV doses of dexamethasone to prevent PONV when used as a single drug or as part of a combination preventive therapy.

METHODS: A wide search was performed to identify randomized clinical trials that evaluated systemic dexamethasone as a prophylactic drug to reduce postoperative nausea and/or vomiting. The effects of dexamethasone dose were evaluated by pooling studies into 2 groups: 4 mg to 5 mg and 8 mg to 10 mg. The first group represents the suggested dexamethasone dose to prevent PONV by the Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia (SAMBA) guidelines, and the second group represents twice the dose range recommended by the guidelines. The SAMBA guidelines were developed in response to studies, which have been performed to examine different dosages of dexamethasone.

RESULTS: Sixty randomized clinical trials with 6696 subjects were included. The 4-mg to 5-mg dose dexamethasone group experienced reduced 24-hour PONV compared with control, odds ratio (OR, 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-0.41), and number needed to treat (NNT, 3.7; 95% CI, 3.0-4.7). When used together with a second antiemetic, the 4-mg to 5-mg dexamethasone group also experienced reduced 24-hour PONV compared with control (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.35-0.72; NNT, 6.6; 95% CI, 4.3-12.8). The 8-mg to 10-mg dose dexamethasone group experienced decreased 24-hour PONV compared with control (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.20-0.32; NNT, 3.8; 95% CI, 3.0-4.3). Asymmetric funnel plots were observed in the 8-mg to 10-mg dose analysis, suggesting the possibility of publication bias. When used together with a second antiemetic, the 8-mg to 10-mg dose group also experienced reduced incidence of 24-hour PONV (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.22-0.53; NNT, 6.2; 95% CI, 4.5-10). In studies that provided a direct comparison between groups, there was no clinical advantage of the 8-mg to 10-mg dexamethasone dose compared with the 4-mg to 5-mg dose on the incidence of postoperative nausea and/or vomiting.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that a 4-mg to 5-mg dose of dexamethasone seems to have similar clinical effects in the reduction of PONV as the 8-mg to 10-mg dose when dexamethasone was used as a single drug or as a combination therapy. These findings support the current recommendation of the SAMBA guidelines for PONV, which favors the 4-mg to 5-mg dose regimen of systemic dexamethasone.
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地塞米松预防术后恶心呕吐：一项更新的临床随机对照试验Meta分析

背景：地塞米松已经被证实能够降低术后恶心呕吐发生率；然而，其作为单独用药或者联合用药用于预防术后恶心呕吐的最佳剂量仍不明确。在本研究中，我们评估4-5mg和8-10mg地塞米松静脉注射作为单独或者联合用药用于预防术后恶心呕吐的作用。

方法：全面检索有关地塞米松全身应用作为预防用药预防术后恶心和/或呕吐的临床随机试验。按照地塞米松的用量，将研究分为两大组：4-5mg组和8-10mg组。第1组是门诊麻醉协会（SAMBA）推荐用于预防PONV的地塞米松剂量，第2组代表该推荐值两倍的剂量。SAMBA指南是根据既往不同剂量地塞米松的研究而制定的。

结果：共纳入6个随机临床试验，6696个患者。4-5mg地塞米松组与对照组相比可降低术后24小时恶心呕吐发生 (OR, 0.31; 95% 可信区间 [CI], 0.23-0.41)及需要治疗的人数(NNT, 3.7; 95% CI, 3.0-4.7)。与其它止吐药物联合使用时，4-5mg地塞米松同样能够降低术后24小时恶心呕吐发生 (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.35-0.72; NNT, 6.6; 95% CI, 4.3-12.8)。8-10mg地塞米松组与对照组相比可降低术后24小时恶心呕吐发生(OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.20-0.32; NNT, 3.8; 95% CI, 3.0-4.3)。8-10mg组漏斗图呈不对称型，提示可能存在发表偏倚。与其它止吐药物联合使用时，8-10mg地塞米松同样能够降低术后24小时恶心呕吐发生(OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.22-0.53; NNT, 6.2; 95% CI, 4.5-10)。该研究直接比较两组不同剂量地塞米松的作用，结果表明8-10mg组与4-5mg组相比，在降低术后恶心呕吐发生率上没有优势。

结论：我们的研究结果表明，地塞米松无论是作为单独用药还是与其它止吐药联合应用，4-5mg地塞米松与8-10mg地塞米松具有相同的临床作用。该结论支持SAMBA推荐的地塞米松作为预防术后恶心呕吐的剂量（4-5mg）。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:43
【第357篇】布比卡因和罗布卡因在心肌细胞蓄积与可逆性线粒体功能异常和心功能减退相 Anesth Analg.2013 Jan;116(1):83-92.

Myocardial accumulation of bupivacaine and ropivacaine is associated with reversible effects on mitochondria and reduced myocardial function.

Hiller N, Mirtschink P, Merkel C, Knels L, Oertel R, Christ T, Deussen A, Koch T, Stehr SN.

DESA, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms of local anesthetic cardiac toxicity are still not completely understood. In this study, we analyzed whether concentrations of local anesthetics found in clinical toxicity affect myocardial mitochondrial structure and oxygen consumption.

METHODS: Guinea pig isolated heart Langendorff preparations were exposed to bupivacaine (3.0 and 7.5 μg/mL) and ropivacaine (3.6 and 9.0 μg/mL) for 10 minutes. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt), electrocardiogram, and coronary flow were recorded. The local anesthetic tissue concentration was measured either immediately after local anesthetic exposure, or after 20- and 60-minute washout periods. In addition, electron microscopy of myocardial mitochondria was performed using a scoring system for structural damage of mitochondria. Cardiomyocyte cell culture was incubated with bupivacaine, and oxygen consumption ratio, extracellular acidification, and relative amounts of PGC-1α mRNA, a regulator of cellular energy metabolism, were determined.

RESULTS: Bupivacaine and ropivacaine induced reversible PR interval and QRS prolongation, and left ventricular pressure and +dP/dt reduction. Myocardial tissue concentration of local anesthetics was 3-fold the arterial concentration. Mitochondria showed a significant concentration-dependent morphological swelling after local anesthetic application. These changes were reversed by a 20-minute washout period for ropivacaine and by a 60-minute washout for bupivacaine. Bupivacaine reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption and increased PGC-1α expression in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cultures, whereas fatty acid metabolism remained unaffected.

CONCLUSIONS: Bupivacaine and ropivacaine accumulate in the myocardium. Reversible local anesthetic-induced mitochondrial swelling occurs at concentrations that induce a negative inotropic effect. Bupivacaine reduces cellular metabolism, whereas this reduction is reversible by fatty acids. Interaction with mitochondria may contribute to the negative inotropic effect of local anesthetics.
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布比卡因和罗布卡因在心肌细胞蓄积与可逆性线粒体功能异常和心功能减退相关

【摘要】

背景：局麻药心脏毒性的机制仍未完全阐明。在本研究中，我们分析临床上可导致心脏毒性作用的局麻药是否影响心肌细胞线粒体结构和耗氧量。

方法：用Langendorff法行豚鼠离体心脏灌流，记录布比卡因(3.0 and 7.5 μg/mL)和罗哌卡因(3.6 and 9.0 μg/mL)作用10分钟后，心率、收缩压、左心室压力(+dP/dt)、心电图和冠脉血流量变化。测定局麻药暴露后即刻、洗脱后20分钟和60分钟组织内局麻药浓度。此外，电子显微镜观察心肌细胞线粒体结构的破坏，并进行评分。体外培养的心肌细胞暴露于布比卡因，检测耗氧量比例、细胞外酸化和细胞能量代谢调节物PGC-1α mRNA的浓度。

结果：布比卡因和罗哌卡因导致可逆性RP间期和QRS间期延长，左心室压力(+dP/dt)降低。局部组织内局麻药浓度是动脉内的3倍。局麻药导致浓度依赖性线粒体肿胀。这些作用在罗哌卡因洗脱后20分钟，布比卡因洗脱后60分钟可恢复正常。布比卡因导致体外培养心肌细胞线粒体耗氧量降低，PGC-1α mRNA表达增加，对脂肪酸代谢无影响。

结论：布比卡因和罗哌卡因可在心肌细胞内聚集。导致负性肌力作用浓度的局麻药可导致线粒体肿胀。布比卡因降低细胞代谢，然而，该作用可被脂肪酸逆转。通过对线粒体的作用，局麻药可导致负性肌力作用。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:44
【第356篇】30mg和45mg利多卡因试验剂量在产科麻醉中预测鞘内注射的前瞻随机临床试验

Anesth Analg.2013 Jan;116(1):125-32.

A Prospective Randomized Trial of Lidocaine 30 mg Versus 45 mg for Epidural Test Dose for Intrathecal Injection in the Obstetric Population.

Pratt S, Hess P, Vasudevan A.

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The epidural test dose, used to identify unintended intrathecal placement, should reliably produce a spinal block without posing a threat to the patient. Most anesthesiologists administer a dose of local anesthetic, commonly lidocaine 45 mg. Pregnant patients are more sensitive to local anesthetics; high and total spinal anesthesia have been reported in the pregnant population with this dose. We hypothesized that lidocaine 30 mg was as effective as lidocaine 45 mg in creating rapid objective evidence of a sensory or motor block.

METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind trial, patients scheduled for cesarean delivery were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: lidocaine 30 mg in the spinal or epidural space, or lidocaine 45 mg by the same routes. A blinded observer assessed the degree of sensory and motor block. The ability to identify intrathecal injection of each dose was compared. Sensory block above T6 dermatome and hypotension were recorded as side effects.

RESULTS: Intrathecal administration of lidocaine 30 mg produced rapid subjective and objective signs of neuroblockade within 3 minutes (100%, 95% confidence interval CI, 85%-100% for each). Lidocaine 45 mg produced similar results. All patients in both groups described their legs as warm or heavy after 3 minutes and had a motor block by 5 minutes. On the basis of an intrathecal catheter rate of 1:380, the observed negative predictive value for intrathecal placement if the patient described no sensory changes at 3 minutes was 100% (95% CI, 99.95%-100%) for 30 mg and 100% (95% CI, 99.93%-100%) for 45 mg. We did not identify a decrease in the rate of side effects with the lower dose.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is unlikely to be a large difference in the ability of these doses to detect unintentional intrathecal catheter placement. While the negative predictive value for intrathecal injection is very high for both doses, the 95% CI for the sensitivity of either dose is too wide to demonstrate clinical safety to identify all intrathecal catheters. A much larger study is warranted to assess whether there is a lower sensitivity with the 30-mg dose, or a propensity toward high cephalad motor block levels with the 45-mg dose.

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【摘要】

背景：硬膜外试验剂量旨在确保硬膜外置管未误入鞘内，其能够产生一定程度的脊髓麻醉，但不会对患者造成伤害。绝大多数麻醉医生注射45mg利多卡因进行试验。怀孕的患者较普通患者对局麻药的敏感性高；既往有报道该剂量可导致怀孕患者高位脊髓麻醉和全脊麻。我们假设30mg利多卡因与45mg利多卡因相比同样能够快速导致感觉或运动阻滞。

方法：该研究为临床随机对照双盲试验，拟行剖宫产的患者随机分配在1-4组：利多卡因30mg蛛网膜下腔或硬膜外注射，或者利多卡因45mg蛛网膜下腔或硬膜外注射。另一观察人员评价感觉和运动阻滞程度。比较每种剂量预测鞘内注射的能力。达到T6水平皮肤感觉阻滞和低血压作为副作用而被记录。

结果： 30mg利多卡因蛛网膜下腔注射可在3min内导致主观和客观的神经阻滞(100%， 95% CI，85%-100%)。45mg利多卡因产生相似结果。不同组别的所有患者描述3min后他们的腿出现发热或发沉现象，5min后出现运动阻滞。根据鞘内置管的比例为1:380，30mg 和45mg 利多卡因注射后，如果患者3min内未出现感觉改变，其鞘内置管的阴性预测值分别为100% (95% CI，99.95%-100%)和100% (95% CI，99.93%-100%)。我们没有发现较低剂量可减少副作用发生率。

结论：我们的结果表明，我们对比的两种剂量预测误行鞘内置管的作用没有大的区别。而所有剂量鞘内注射的阴性预测值都很高，所有剂量敏感度的95%可信区间太广，很难保证每个鞘内置管的安全性。因此，需要更多的研究来评价是否30mg利多卡因的敏感性较低，或者45mg利多卡因可导致更高平面的运动阻滞。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:44
【第355篇】高病人量的大学心脏电生理中心发生的气道损伤 Anesth Analg.2013 Jan;116(1):112-7.

Airway trauma in a high patient volume academic cardiac electrophysiology laboratory center.

Yan Z, Tanner JW, Lin D, Chalian AA, Savino JS, Fleisher LA, Liu R.

Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 336 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104. [email protected].

BACKGROUND: Providing anesthesia and managing airways in the electrophysiology suite can be challenging because of its unique setting outside of the conventional operating room. We report our experience of several cases of reported airway trauma including tongue and pharyngeal hematoma and vocal cord paralysis in this setting.

METHODS: We analyzed all of the reported airway trauma cases between December 2009 and January 2011 in our cardiac electrophysiology laboratories and compared these cases with those without airway trauma. Data from 87 cases, including 16 cases with reported airway trauma (trauma group) and 71 cases without reported airway trauma from the same patient population pool at the same period (control group), were collected via review of medical records.

RESULTS: Airway trauma was reported for 16 patients (0.7%) in 14 months among 2434 anesthetic cases. None of these patients had life-threatening airway obstruction. The avoidance of muscle relaxants during induction in patients with a body mass index less than 30 was found to be a significant risk factor for airway trauma (P = 0.04; odds ratio, 10; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-482). Tongue or soft tissue bite occurred in 2 cases where soft bite block was not used during cardioversion. No statistically significant difference was found between the trauma and the control groups for preprocedure anticoagulation, anticoagulation during the procedure, or reversal of heparin at the end of the procedure.

CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of reported airway trauma was 0.7% in our study population. Tongue injury was the most common airway trauma. The cause seems to have been multifactorial; however, airway management without muscle relaxant emerged as a potential risk factor. Intubation with muscle relaxant is recommended, as is placing a soft bite block and ensuring no soft tissue is between the teeth before cardioversion.
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高病人量的大学心脏电生理中心发生的气道损伤

背景：由于电生理室的环境有别于常规手术室，在电生理室进行麻醉和气道管理具有挑战性。本文对我们电生理中心出现气道损伤（舌、咽部血肿及声带麻痹）的一些病例进行总结报道。

方法：我们分析2009年12月到2011年1月在我们心脏电生理实验室出现气道损伤的病例，并与未出现气道损伤的病例进行比较。共收集87例病例资料，包括16例出现气道损伤病例（气道损伤组），71例同一时期同一人群未出现气道损伤的病例（对照组）。

结果：在14个月内共进行2434例麻醉，其中16例出现气道损伤（0.7%）。这些病例均未出现威胁生命的气道梗阻。BMI低于30的患者未使用肌肉松弛剂进行诱导被发现是气道损伤的危险因素（P = 0.04；OR：10；95%可信区间，1.1-482）。2例患者在电复律时未使用软牙垫而发生舌或软组织咬伤。气道损伤组和对照组在术前、术中抗凝及术后逆转肝素方面差异无统计学意义。

结论：在我们研究的人群中，气道损伤的总发生率为0.7%。舌的损伤为最常见的气道损伤。原因可能是多方面的；然而，在管理气道时未使用肌肉松弛剂被认为是潜在危险因素。推荐使用肌肉松弛剂进行气管插管，并放置软牙垫以及确保在电复律时没有软组织位于上下牙齿之间。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:45
【第354篇】琥珀酰胆碱导致恶性高热的风险评价Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):118-22.

Estimate of the relative risk of succinylcholine for triggering malignant hyperthermia.

Dexter F, Epstein RH, Wachtel RE, Rosenberg H.

Division of Management Consulting, Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., 6JCP, Iowa City, IA 52242. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Facilities with volatile anesthetic agents stock dantrolene for the treatment of malignant hyperthermia (MH). The availability of dantrolene at these facilities satisfies cost-utility norms even for sites with as few as 1 anesthetic per workday, based on the overall incidence of MH per anesthetic. We considered the stocking of dantrolene at facilities with succinylcholine alone (i.e., where volatile anesthetics are not available), by using registry data and estimates of the frequency of administration of succinylcholine during anesthesia. We determine the magnitude of the relative risk of the administration of succinylcholine for triggering MH.

METHODS: The relative risk of triggering MH by succinylcholine versus volatile agents was calculated using data from 2 sources. The ratio of the number of cases of MH among patients receiving succinylcholine to number among patients not receiving succinylcholine was estimated from the previously published cohort of 284 cases of MH from the North American MH Registry of the MH Association of the United States (MHAUS). The percentage of anesthetics with succinylcholine was estimated using anesthesia information management system data from a typical North American hospital comprising tertiary operating rooms, obstetrics unit, ambulatory surgical center, and endoscopy and radiological suites.

RESULTS: The relative risk of MH with versus without succinylcholine was 19.6 (lower 95% confidence limit > 16.1). Limiting to cases with volatile anesthetics, the relative risk was 9.1 (>7.5). Both relative risks exceed 1.0 (P < 0.0001). Because more than half of the reported cases of MH included the use of succinylcholine, the relative risk exceeded 1.0 provided fewer than half of anesthetics in North America included the use of succinylcholine. The incidences of succinylcholine use at the hospital were 5.8% and 11.6% for all anesthetics and for anesthetics with volatile agents, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide no insight into the triggering mechanism for MH (i.e., succinylcholine could in isolation have an extremely low incidence of inducing MH, yet markedly increase the risk when administered in combination with volatile anesthetics). Until more epidemiologic data are collected and analyzed, having dantrolene available, where succinylcholine may be used, is reasonable, and this practice should be maintained.
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琥珀酰胆碱导致恶性高热的风险评价

背景：在使用挥发性麻醉药的机构中储备丹曲林可用于治疗恶性高热。基于恶性高热的发生率，在这些机构中储备丹曲林符合成本效益标准，即使该机构每个工作日只实施一例麻醉。我们考虑在仅使用琥珀酰胆碱的机构（例如：没有挥发性麻醉药物的机构）储备丹曲林，评估麻醉时琥珀酰胆碱的使用频率。以确定注射丹曲林诱发恶性高热的风险大小。

方法：数据来源于2个机构，比较琥珀酰胆碱和挥发性气体诱发恶性高热的相对危险度大小。通过在MHAUS登记并发表的284例恶性高热患者，计算接受琥珀酰胆碱注射的患者发生恶性高热例数与未接受琥珀酰胆碱注射患者发生恶性高热例数的比值。琥珀酰胆碱使用的百分比通过典型南美医院（包含三级手术室、产科中心、门诊手术中心以及内镜和放射中心）的麻醉管理系统数据分析。

结果：使用琥珀酰胆碱发生恶性高热的相对危险度是未使用琥珀酰胆碱的19.6倍（95%可信区间的下限大于16.1）。仅限于使用挥发性麻醉药的病例，使用琥珀酰胆碱发生恶性高热的相对危险度为9.1（>7.5）。二者相对危险度都超过1.0（p<0.0001）。由于超过一半报告的恶性高热病例使用琥珀酰胆碱，相对危险度超过1.0说明在南美少于一半的麻醉使用琥珀酰胆碱。在该医院，所有麻醉病例中琥珀酰胆碱的使用率为5.8，在使用吸入性麻醉的病例中占11.6%。

结论：我们的结果未提供诱发恶性高热的进一步机制（单独使用琥珀酰胆碱导致恶性高热的发生率极低，但与挥发性气体联合应用时刻明显增高恶性高热发生率）。在收集和分析更多的流行病学数据之前，在使用琥珀酰胆碱的机构储备丹曲林是合理的，该临床规范需要保持。
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备注：结果部分有关相对危险度的计算不是特别清楚，请参见全文，多谢告知。
19.6=（[155 withsuccinylcholine/129 without succinylcholi])×([235992 cases/13618 with succinylcholine]-1)
9.1=（[153 withsuccinylcholine/128 without succinylcholi])×([100745 cases/11674 with succinylcholine]-1)

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-16 21:46
【第353篇】有关患者血液管理药物治疗的目前状态 Anesth Analg.2013 Jan;116(1):15-34.

Special article: current status of pharmacologic therapies in patient blood management.

Goodnough LT, Shander A.

Pathology Department, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive Room H-1402, M/C 5626 Stanford, CA 94305. [email protected].

Abstract

Patient blood management(1,2) incorporates patient-centered, evidence-based medical and surgical approaches to improve patient outcomes by relying on the patient's own (autologous) blood rather than allogeneic blood. Particular attention is paid to preemptive measures such as anemia management. The emphasis on the approaches being "patient-centered" is to distinguish them from previous approaches in transfusion medicine, which have been "product-centered" and focused on blood risks, costs, and inventory concerns rather than on patient outcomes. Patient blood management(3) structures its goals by avoiding blood transfusion(4) with effective use of alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion.(5) These alternatives include autologous blood procurement, preoperative autologous blood donation, acute normovolemic hemodilution, and intra/postoperative red blood cell (RBC) salvage and reinfusion. Reviewed here are the available pharmacologic tools for anemia and blood management: erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron therapy, hemostatic agents, and potentially, artificial oxygen carriers.

PMID: 23223098
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有关患者血液管理药物治疗的目前状态

【摘要】

患者血液管理（1,2）通过以患者为中心，循证医学和手术方式多个方面使患者依靠自体血而非异体血从而改善预后。需要特别关注一些预防措施，例如治疗贫血。强调以患者为中心是为了区别之前以产品中心的输血医学，其关注的是血液的风险、费用、库存问题而不是患者的预后。患者血液管理（3）将目标定为避免血液输注（4）通过有效使用异体血的替代品。（5）这些替代品包括：自体血采购、术前自体献血、急性等容血液稀释和术中/术后红细胞收集回输。本文回顾有关贫血和血液管理的药物治疗：刺激红细胞生成的药物 (ESAs)、铁剂治疗、止血药和可能的人工氧载体。

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-17 21:00
本帖最后由 GoalYou 于 2013-1-17 21:02 编辑

【第352篇】阿片类药物滥用者行体外震波碎石术时单次注射低剂量Ketamine可产生阿片类药物“集约效应”：一项临床随机试验

Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):75-80.

Opioid-sparing effect of preemptive bolus low-dose ketamine for moderate sedation in opioid abusers undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a randomized clinical trial.

Gharaei B, Jafari A, Aghamohammadi H, Kamranmanesh M, Poorzamani M, Elyassi H, Rostamian B, Salimi A.

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Anesthesiology Research Center, Labbafinejad Hospital, 9th Boostan, Pasdaran Ave., Tehran 1666694516, Islamic Republic of Iran. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Ketamine has been used as part of a multimodal analgesia regime in opioid abusers undergoing general anesthesia. We studied the opioid-sparing effect of a very low-dose bolus of ketamine as part of moderate sedation for opioid abuse patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

METHODS: In this randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 190 opioid abusers were enrolled. They were stratified into 2 blocks based on their daily opioid consumption. Both blocks were then randomized to receive 0.1 mg/kg IV ketamine (group K) or placebo (group P). Lithotripsy was performed under moderate sedation with intermittent bolus doses of remifentanil (0.2 μg/kg) to alleviate pain. The total remifentanil dose (primary outcome) and respiratory adverse events (secondary outcome) were compared in the 2 groups.

RESULTS: Remifentanil administration in the group with low-opioid consumers was 1.6 ± 0.4 μg/kg (group P) compared with 1.0 ± 0.2 μg/kg in group K (confidence interval [CI](of difference) 95%, 0.4-0.7; P < 0.001). Patients who had high-opioid consumption received 2.0 ± 0.5 μg/kg (group P) vs 1.5 ± 0.3 μg/kg (group K) remifentanil (CI(of difference) 95%, 0.40-0.75; P < 0.001). Ready to discharge time was statistically longer in high-consumption opioid abusers who received placebo compared with group K (55 ± 13 minutes vs 44 ± 8 minutes, CI(of difference) 95%, 6-15; P < 0.001). The incidences of bradypnea, apnea, nausea, vomiting, and hemodynamic changes were not statistically different between the ketamine and placebo groups.

CONCLUSION: Preemptive low-dose ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) as a bolus has opioid-sparing effects in opioid abusers undergoing moderate sedation.
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阿片类药物滥用者行体外震波碎石术时单次注射低剂量Ketamine可产生阿片类药物“集约效应”：一项临床随机试验

【摘要】

背景： Ketamine已经被用于阿片类药物滥用患者全身麻醉的联合镇痛。我们研究阿片类药物滥用患者行体外震波碎石时，单次注射小剂量Ketamine产生的阿片类药物“集约效应”。

方法：该研究为临床随机对照试验，共包括190个阿片类药物滥用患者。根据患者每天阿片类药物的使用用量分为两大类。每组患者均随机接受0.1 mg/kg Ketamine静脉注射（K组）或者安慰剂（P组）。碎石手术在间断注射瑞芬太尼（0.2 μg/kg）镇痛下进行。对比两组瑞芬太尼的用量（主要结果）和呼吸系统副作用发生情况（次要结果）。

结果：每天阿片类药物使用剂量较小的患者中，P组瑞芬太尼的用量为1.6 ± 0.4 μg/kg，K组为1.0 ± 0.2 μg/kg（95%可信区间，0.4-0.7；P < 0.001）。每天阿片类药物使用剂量较大的患者中，P组瑞芬太尼的用量为2.0 ± 0.5 μg/kg，K组为1.5 ± 0.3 μg/kg（95%可信区间，0.40-0.75；P < 0.001）。每天阿片类药物使用剂量较大的患者中，P组开始放电的时间（译者注：“放电时间”指的是麻醉开始到开始碎石的时间）长于K组 (55 ± 13 min vs 44 ± 8 min, 95%可信区间, 6-15; P < 0.001)。呼吸过缓、窒息、恶心、呕吐和血流动力学改变的发生率在两组间差别没有统计学意义。

结论：阿片类药物滥用患者需要中度镇静镇痛时，预先单次注射低剂量Ketamine (0.1 mg/kg)可产生阿片类药物“集约效应”。

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作者: 良医麻醉 时间: 2013-1-19 00:43
METHODS: This was a prospective, observational clinical study in a university-level intensive care unit. Clinical characteristics, the level of consciousness, and findings in primary head computed tomography were recorded on admission. The study period was divided into three 2-day sections. In each section, a 12-lead ECG, transthoracic echocardiography, the results of standard blood electrolytes and cardiac troponin I, as well as the rate of vasoactive and sedative drug infusions were recorded. Repolarization abnormalities such as prolongation of the QTc interval (millisecond), ischemic-like ECG changes, and morphologic end-repolarization abnormalities (present/absent) were evaluated and analyzed. The 1-year functional outcome was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Score.

Thank you !

作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-19 18:55
本帖最后由 GoalYou 于 2013-1-19 18:58 编辑

【第351篇】多巴胺——促进全身麻醉苏醒的药物

注：第365篇的Editorial Views

Dopamine-enhancing Medications to Accelerate Emergence from General Anesthesia

Benveniste, Helene M.D., Ph.D.*; Volkow, Nora D. M.D.?

Dopaminergic neurotransmission is prominently implicated in emergence from the minimal conscious state,1,2 general anesthesia,3 and in sleep–wake regulation.4 The molecular mechanisms for these effects are still incompletely understood. The anatomical and neurochemical signatures of the dopamine (DA) system for arousal under conditions of general anesthesia are clinically important to understand. First, from a clinical point of view, accurate knowledge of the molecular basis for emergence from general anesthetics with agents for which no specific antagonists exists (i.e., inhalational agents) and for other anesthetic regimens could lead to the development of a range of new drugs specifically designed for rapid emergence. Such therapeutics could perhaps be useful in the future for routine anesthesia practice. For example, rapid arousal of elderly patients undergoing surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia may prove valuable for reducing cognitive dysfunction and/or early delirium postoperatively. Second, a better understanding of the neuronal mechanisms by which DA increases the emergence from anesthesia will also help in the management of patients with DA abnormalities as may be the case for patients with Parkinson disease, schizophrenic patients treated with depot neuroleptics (long-acting dopamine-2 receptor [D2R] antagonists) and drug abusers.

In this issue of ANESTHESIOLOGY, Taylor et al.5 report that the dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) agonist 6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide but not the D2R agonist quinpirole reduces the time to emergence from isoflurane anesthesia in rats by 85% compared with placebo. The authors conclude that selective activation of D1Rs is sufficient to induce emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia and that D2Rs are not needed.5 These new data in the setting of isoflurane anesthesia are intriguing and supplement older data reporting similar findings with phenobarbital anesthesia.6,7 Specifically, Horita et al.7 investigated the effects of a D1R agonist (1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol) and a D2R antagonist (raclopride) on duration of phenobarbital anesthesia in rats (administered only 20 min after induction with 40 mg/kg intraperitoneal phenobarbital to reduce pharmacokinetic effects on emergence). They documented that the D1R agonist reduced the time to emergence by approximately 30% and found that this effect could be abolished by a D1R antagonist.7 However, in contrast to the current study,5 Horita et al.7 reported that the D2R antagonist raclopride and atropine also reversed the effect of the D1R agonist. Thus, the findings of Horita et al. suggest that the arousing effects of D1R agonists require the coactivation of these two receptors (D1R and D2R). Interestingly, although nonsignificant, the study by Taylor et al.5 showed decreases in the time from emergence of anesthesia in the rats treated with the D2R agonist quinpirole (from 330 to 189 s) and had their sample (n = 6) been larger, this effect may have been significant. Regardless, it is clear that the effects of the D1R agonist was stronger than that of the D2R agonist (quinpirole), which could reflect in part its effects on D2R autoreceptors that would lead to a decrease in DA release. In the previous study, Horita et al.7 also provide evidence that the dopaminergic effects (driven by D1R but presumably requiring background D2R tone) are mediated by downstream cholinergic effects (because these effects were blocked by atropine). In the context of the importance of D2Rs, Solt et al.3 reported that droperidol (a potent D2 antagonist) abolished the ability of the DA-enhancing drug methylphenidate to accelerate emergence in rats anesthetized with isoflurane, which also strongly suggests that D2Rs are important for anesthesia emergence.

Another intriguing question is which brain pathways mediate the effects of DA in emergence from anesthesia. In general, studies on DA networks have focused mostly on pathways involved with movement (mesostriatal), reward (mesoaccumbens), and cognition (mesocortical), and much less is known about the DA pathways implicated in arousal. Although it is plausible that some or all of these DA pathways participate in arousal, it is also likely that DA mediates its arousing effects through additional brain-wide systems. For example, the orexin/hypocretin lateral hypothalamic nucleus, which mediates arousal and is implicated in narcolepsy, is modulated by both D1R and D2R.8,9 Similarly, the tuberomammillary nucleus, which is involved in the control of wakefulness, signals not only through histamine receptors but also through D1R and D2R.10 In addition, as discussed by Taylor et al.,5 DA neurons in the ventral periaqueductal gray could mediate the effects of DA on the emergence from anesthesia.11 Finally, it is also possible that DA mediates its effects on arousal via thalamic activation.12

Over the past decades, scientists have studied the DA system’s role in cognition, motor behavior, and reward and its disruption in neuropsychiatric diseases. The data of Taylor et al.5 and that of others now highlight the importance of DA in arousal. These findings have direct clinical implications for the practice of anesthesia for they may help direct the development of new medications to accelerate the emergence from anesthesia.
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多巴胺——促进全身麻醉苏醒的药物

多巴胺能神经元与最低意识状态的苏醒、全身麻醉的苏醒以及睡眠-觉醒的调节密切相关。这些作用相关的分子机制还未完全被阐明。了解全麻状态下促进觉醒的多巴胺系统的解剖和神经化学特征十分重要。首先，从临床上看，一些全麻药物没有相应的拮抗剂（例如：吸入麻醉药），了解这些药物和其他麻醉药物全麻苏醒过程精确的分子机制可引领一大批加速苏醒的药物的开发。这些药物可能在将来日常临床工作中发挥作用。例如，老年患者需要全麻手术时，快速苏醒可能会减少术后认知功能障碍和/或早期瞻望。其次，了解多巴胺促进全麻苏醒的神经机制将对多巴胺系统功能异常患者（例如：帕金森病患者、接受镇静剂（长效多巴胺受体-2拮抗剂）治疗的精神分裂患者）以及药物滥用患者的麻醉管理有帮助。

在这一期《Anesthesiology》中，Taylor等人报道多巴胺-1受体（D1R）激动剂（6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy -3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide）可缩短异氟烷全身麻醉大鼠85%苏醒时间，而D2R激动剂（quinpirole）则不能。文中总结时标明，选择性激动D1R足够促进异氟烷全身麻醉苏醒，而不需要D2R受体参与。这些新的结果十分吸引人，而且对既往有关苯巴比妥麻醉苏醒研究的报道进行补充。Horita等人研究了D1R受体激动剂（1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzaze-pine-7,8-diol）和D2R受体拮抗剂（raclopride）在苯巴比妥麻醉大鼠中的作用（在40mg/kg 苯巴比妥腹腔麻醉后20min 进行注射以减少药代动力学效应对觉醒的影响）。他们的研究表明D1R受体激动剂大约可减少30%苏醒时间，而且该作用能够被D1R受体拮抗剂所抵消。然而，与本期文章不同的是，Horita等人报道D2R受体拮抗剂raclopride和aropine同样能够逆转D1R受体激动剂的作用。因此，Horita等人的研究表明D1R受体激动剂促进觉醒的作用需要D1R和D2R的共同作用。有趣的是，尽管作用不显著，Taylor等人的研究表明D2R受体激动剂quinpirole同样能够减少异氟烷全身麻醉的苏醒时间（从330s到189s），而且如果样本量更大一些（n=6），该作用也许更加显著。不管怎样，很明确的是D1R受体激动剂比D2R受体激动剂（quinpirole）具有更强的作用，D2R受体激动剂可能通过作用于D2R自受体导致多巴胺释放减少发挥部分作用。在之前的研究中，Horita等人表明多巴胺能的作用（由D1R受体发挥主要作用，但同时需要D2R的存在）是通过下游的胆碱能递质进行调节（因为这些作用可以被阿托品拮抗）。Solt等人报道，droperidol（一个很强的D2受体拮抗剂）可抑制促进多巴胺释放的药物哌醋甲酯促进异氟烷全身麻醉大鼠的苏醒作用，这同样表明D2R在全麻苏醒中发挥重要作用。

另外一个有趣的问题是，哪些中枢神经系统通路在多巴胺促进麻醉苏醒中发挥作用。通常情况下，有关多巴胺网络的研究集中于运动（mesostriatal亚群）、奖赏（mesoaccumbens亚群）和认知（mesocortical亚群），而关于多巴胺在觉醒中的作用知之甚少。尽管，或许部分或者全部这些通路都与觉醒相关，但是多巴胺递质可能通过中枢神经系统其它的通路发挥作用。例如，可促进苏醒，并且与嗜睡相关的外侧下丘脑分泌食欲素的神经核团可被D1R和D2R受体调节。同样，控制觉醒的结节乳头核不仅与组胺受体相关，而且受D1R和D2R受体调节。此外，同Taylor等人讨论的一样，腹侧中脑导水管周围灰质的多巴胺神经元可能介导多巴胺促进麻醉苏醒的作用。最后，多巴胺可能通过激活丘脑发挥其促进觉醒的作用。

在过去十几年，科学家们已经对多巴胺系统在认知、运动和奖赏以及其在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用进行研究。Taylor等人以及其他人的研究结果强调了多巴胺在觉醒中的作用。这些发现能够对日常麻醉工作具有直接临床意义，并且可能直接促进加速麻醉苏醒药物的开发。

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作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-20 21:22
本帖最后由 GoalYou 于 2013-1-20 21:23 编辑

【第350篇】硬膜外间断注射与硬膜外持续泵注麻醉药物用于分娩镇痛的比较：系统综述和meta分析Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):133-44.

Intermittent epidural bolus compared with continuous epidural infusions for labor analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

George RB, Allen TK, Habib AS.

FRCPC, Department of Women and Obstetric Anesthesia, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, NS, Canada B3K 6R8. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The current standard labor epidural analgesic regimens consist of a local anesthetic in combination with an opioid delivered via continuous epidural infusion (CEI). With CEI local anesthetic, doses may be large with resulting profound motor blockade potentially affecting the incidence of instrumental deliveries. In this systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we compared the effect of intermittent epidural bolus (IEB) to standard CEI dosing with or without patient-controlled epidural analgesia on patient satisfaction, the need for manual anesthesia interventions, labor progression, and mode of delivery in healthy women receiving labor epidural analgesia.

METHODS: A systematic review of RCTs that compared CEI with IEB for labor analgesia was performed. The articles were evaluated for validity, and data were extracted by the authors and summarized using odds ratios (ORs), mean differences (MDs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS: Nine RCTs were included in this systematic review. Three hundred forty-four subjects received CEI, whereas 350 subjects received IEB labor analgesia. All 9 studies were deemed to be low risk of bias. There was no statistical difference detected between IEB and CEI in the rate of cesarean delivery (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.56-1.35), duration of labor (MD, -17 minutes; 95% CI, -42 to 7), or the need for anesthetic intervention (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.29-1.06). IEB did result in a small but statistically significant reduction in local anesthetic usage (MD, -1.2 mg bupivacaine equivalent per hour; 95% CI, -2.2 to -0.3). Maternal satisfaction score (100-mm visual analog scale) was higher with IEB (MD, 7.0 mm; 95% CI, 6.2-7.8).

CONCLUSIONS: IEB is an appealing concept; current evidence suggests IEB slightly reduces local anesthetic usage and improves maternal satisfaction. Given the wide CIs of the pooled results for many outcomes, definite conclusions cannot be drawn for those outcomes, but there is also a potential that IEB improves instrumental delivery rate and need of anesthesia interventions. More study is required to conceptualize the ideal IEB regimen and investigate its effect on labor analgesia and obstetric outcomes.
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硬膜外间断注射与硬膜外持续泵注麻醉药物用于分娩镇痛的比较：系统综述和meta分析

背景：目前标准的硬膜外分娩镇痛是通过硬膜外持续泵入（CEI）由局麻药和阿片类药物混合组成的麻醉药物。通过持续硬膜外泵入局麻药，剂量通常很大，可导致显著的运动阻滞可能增加工具辅助分娩的发生率。本文对相关的RCT进行系统综述，对硬膜外间断注射（IEB）与标准的硬膜外持续泵注（患者自控镇痛或非患者自控镇痛）用于接受硬膜外分娩镇痛的健康妇在产妇满意度、麻醉干预、产程以及分娩方式方面进行比较。

方法：系统回顾有关CEI和IEB用于分娩镇痛的RCT。分析相关文章的有效性，提取相关数据并通过OR、MD以及95 CI 进行分析总结。

结果：在本综述中共包括9篇RCT。344产妇接受CEI分娩镇痛，350产妇接受IEB分娩镇痛。所有9篇文章均为低风险偏倚。两组在剖宫产率(OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.56-1.35)、产程(MD, -17 min; 95% CI, -42 to 7)或需要麻醉干预(OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.29-1.06)方面差距没有统计学意义。IEB确实能够少量但具有统计学差异地减少局麻药的使用(MD, 等效 -1.2 mg 布比卡因/时 ; 95% CI, -2.2 to -0.3)。IEB组产妇满意评分（100 mm 视觉模拟评分）更高 (MD, 7.0 mm; 95% CI, 6.2-7.8)。

结论：间断硬膜外注射是一个吸引人的概念；目前的证据表明IEB轻微减少局麻药的使用，改善产妇满意度。由于一些结局的结果可信区间较宽，因此无法对那些结果下定结论，但是，仍有可能IEB改善器械辅助麻醉的使用率以及需要麻醉干预的情况。需要更多的研究来探讨IEB用于分娩镇痛的效果以及飞分娩结局的影响。

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作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-20 21:24

METHODS: This was a prospective, observational clinical study in a university-level intensive care u ...
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作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-21 21:24
本帖最后由 GoalYou 于 2013-1-21 21:27 编辑

【第349篇】发育早期暴露于挥发性麻醉药导致秀丽隐杆线虫行为缺陷 Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):185-9.

Early Developmental Exposure to Volatile Anesthetics Causes Behavioral Defects in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Gentry KR, Steele LM, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG.

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, M/S W 9824, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98105. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence from animal studies shows that anesthetic exposure in early life leads to apoptosis in the developing nervous system. This loss of neurons has functional consequences in adulthood. Clinical retrospective reviews have suggested that multiple anesthetic exposures in early childhood are associated with learning disabilities later in life as well. Despite much concern about this phenomenon, little is known about the mechanism by which anesthetics initiate neuronal cell death. Caenorhabditis elegans, a powerful genetic animal model, with precisely characterized neural development and cell death pathways, affords an excellent opportunity to study anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that exposing the nematode to volatile anesthetics early in life would induce neuron cell death, producing a behavioral defect that would be manifested in adulthood.

METHODS: After synchronization and hatching, larval worms were exposed to volatile anesthetics at their 95% effective concentration for 4 hours. On day 4 of life, exposed and control worms were tested for their ability to sense and move to an attractant (i.e., to chemotax). We determined the rate of successful chemotaxis using a standardized chemotaxis index.

RESULTS: Wild-type nematodes demonstrated striking deficits in chemotaxis indices after exposure to isoflurane (ISO) or sevoflurane (SEVO) in the first larval stage (chemotaxis index: untreated, 85 ± 2; ISO, 52 ± 2; SEVO, 47 ± 2; P < 0.05 for both exposures). The mitochondrial mutant gas-1 had a heightened effect from the anesthetic exposure (chemotaxis index: untreated, 71 ± 2; ISO, 29 ± 12; SEVO, 24 ± 13; P < 0.05 for both exposures). In contrast, animals unable to undergo apoptosis because of a mutation in the pathway that mediates programmed cell death (ced-3) retained their ability to sense and move toward an attractant (chemotaxis index: untreated, 76 ± 10; ISO, 73 ± 9; SEVO, 76 ± 10). Furthermore, we discovered that the window of greatest susceptibility to anesthetic neurotoxicity in nematodes occurs in the first larval stage after hatching (L1). This coincides with a period of neurogenesis in this model. All values are means ± SD.

CONCLUSION: These data indicate that anesthetics affect neurobehavior in nematodes, extending the range of phyla in which early exposure to volatile anesthetics has been shown to cause functional neurological deficits. This implies that anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity occurs via an ancient underlying mechanism. C elegans is a tractable model organism with which to survey an entire genome for molecules that mediate the toxic effects of volatile anesthetics on the developing nervous system.
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发育早期暴露于挥发性麻醉药导致秀丽隐杆线虫行为缺陷

背景：众多动物研究的证据表明，生命早期暴露于麻醉药物可导致发育过程神经元凋亡。这些神经元丢失可导致成年后功能异常。回顾性临床研究表明儿童早期多次暴露于麻醉药物与其随后的学习障碍相关。尽管该现象得到众多关注，但是人们对麻醉药物导致神经元死亡的机制却知之甚少。秀丽隐杆线虫是一种很好的基因动物模型，其神经系统发育和细胞死亡通路具有明确的特征，为研究麻醉药物的神经毒性提供良好的机遇。我们假设线虫在生命早期暴露于挥发性气体可引起神经元死亡，导致成年后表现出行为异常。

方法：在同步化孵化后，幼虫暴露于95%有效浓度的挥发性麻醉药物中4小时。在生命周期的第4天，检测暴露组和对照组对引诱剂的感知和运动能力（例如，趋化作用）。我们通过标准趋化指数来评价成功趋化的比例。

结果：野生型线虫在幼虫第1阶段暴露于异氟烷（ISO）或七氟烷（SEVO）后导致显著的趋化障碍（趋化指数：未暴露，85 ± 2；ISO, 52 ± 2；SEVO， 47 ± 2；异氟烷和七氟烷组P值均小于0.05）。线粒体gas-1基因突变对麻醉药物暴露效应具有显著作用（趋化指数：未暴露，71 ± 2；ISO，29 ± 12；SEVO， 24 ± 13；异氟烷和七氟烷组P值均小于0.05）。相反，由于介导细胞程序死亡通路发生突变可使其保留对引诱剂的感知和运动能力感知和运动，因此动物不会发生神经元凋亡(趋化指数: 未暴露, 76 ± 10；ISO， 73 ± 9；SEVO，76 ± 10)。而且，我们发现线虫对麻醉药物最敏感的时间段是孵化后第1个幼虫期。这与该模型神经发育的时间相一致。所有结果有均数± 标准差表示。

结论：这些结果表明麻醉药物能够影响线虫的神经行为，扩大了麻醉药物早期暴露导致神经功能异常的动物类属。这表明麻醉药物的神经毒性通过古老存在的机制发挥作用。秀丽隐杆线虫是一个容易处理的动物模型，可用于研究挥发性麻醉药对发育中神经系统毒性作用完整基因分子机制。

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作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-22 21:45
【第348篇】有关新鲜冰冻血浆/红细胞比值在产后大出血中作用的观察性研究 Anesth Analg. 2013 Jan;116(1):155-61.

An observational study of the fresh frozen plasma: red blood cell ratio in postpartum hemorrhage.

Pasquier P, Gayat E, Rackelboom T, La Rosa J, Tashkandi A, Tesniere A, Ravinet J, Vincent JL, Tsatsaris V, Ozier Y, Goffinet F, Mignon A.

Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, 69 avenue de Paris 94163 Saint-Mandé Cedex, France. [email protected].

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Recent data from trauma patients and patients with hemorrhagic shock have suggested that an increased fresh frozen plasma:red blood cell (FFP:RBC) ratio may be of benefit in massive bleeding. We addressed this issue in cases of severe postpartum hemorrhage.

METHODS: We reviewed data from all patients diagnosed with severe postpartum hemorrhage during a 4-year period (2006-2009). Patients who were treated with sulprostone and required transfusion within 6 hours of delivery were included in the study and were divided into 2 groups according to their response to sulprostone: bleeding controlled with sulprostone alone (sulprostone group) and bleeding requiring an additional advanced interventional procedure including arterial angiographic embolization and/or surgical procedures (arterial ligation, B-Lynch suture, or hysterectomy; intervention group). The requirement or no requirement for advanced procedures constituted the primary end point of the study. Propensity scoring was used to assess the effect of a high FFP:RBC ratio on bleeding control.

RESULTS: Among 12,226 deliveries during the study period, 142 (1.1%) were complicated by severe postpartum hemorrhage. Bleeding was controlled with sulprostone alone in 90 patients (63%). Advanced interventional procedures were required for 52 patients (37%). Forty-one patients were transfused with both RBCs and FFP. The FFP:RBC ratio increased over the study period (P < 0.001), from 1:1.8 at the start to 1:1.1 at the end of the study period. After propensity score modeling (inverse probability of treatment weighting), a high FFP:RBC ratio was associated with lower odds for advanced interventional procedures (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.25 [1.07-1.47]; P = 0.008). There were no deaths, severe organ dysfunction, or other complications as a consequence of severe postpartum hemorrhage.

CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study, a higher FFP:RBC ratio was associated with a lower requirement for advanced interventional procedures in the setting of postpartum hemorrhage. The benefits of transfusion using a higher FFP:RBC ratio should be confirmed by randomized-controlled trials.
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有关新鲜冰冻血浆/红细胞比值在产后大出血中作用的观察性研究

摘要

背景：在世界范围内，产后大出血均是产妇死亡最主要的原因。最近有关创伤患者和失血性休克患者的研究结果表明提高新鲜冰冻血浆：红细胞比率可能对大出血患者有利。我们对产后严重出血的情况进行相关研究。

方法：我们回顾4年内（2006年-2009年）所有被诊断为严重产后出血患者的数据。患者产后6小时内需要噻普酮治疗和需要输血的患者纳入研究，并且根据其对噻普酮的反应分为两组：单独噻普酮可控制的出血（噻普酮组）和需要动脉血管栓塞和/或手术（动脉结扎、B-lynch缝扎术或子宫切除术）等进一步干预措施治疗的患者（干预组）。是否需要进一步干预作为该研究最主要的研究终点。倾向评分用于评价高FFP:RBC比值在控制出血中的作用。

结果：研究期间共有12226产妇分娩，142例（1.1%）出现严重产后出血并发症。90位患者通过单独应用噻普酮可控制出血（63%）。52位患者需要进一步措施进行干预（37%）。41位患者同时输注红细胞和新鲜冰冻血浆。在研究过程期间，FFP:RBC的比值从开始的1:1.8上升到1:1.1。进行倾向评分建模（逆处理概率加权法）后发现，高FFP:RBC比值患者需要进一步干预治疗的风险小 (OR [95% CI], 1.25 [1.07-1.47]; P = 0.008)。严重产后出血未出现死亡，严重器官功能障碍或者其它并发症。

结论：在该回顾性研究中，在产后大出血情况下，高FFP:RBC比值患者需要进一步干预治疗的风险小。以高FFP:RBC比值方式输注血制品的益处需要RCT研究进行确认。

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作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-23 23:00
【第347篇】乳腺癌手术后行切口及肋间神经罗哌卡因浸润在术后慢性疼痛中的作用：一项双盲随机临床试验 Anesthesiology. 118(2):318-326, February 2013.

A Double-blind Randomized Trial of Wound and Intercostal Space Infiltration with Ropivacaine during Breast Cancer Surgery: Effects on Chronic Postoperative Pain

Albi-Feldzer, Aline M.D.*; Mouret-Fourme E, Emmanuelle M.D.?; Hamouda, Smail M.D.?; Motamed, Cyrus M.D.§; Dubois, Pierre-Yves M.D.‖; Jouanneau, Ludivine Ph.D.?; Jayr, Christian M.D., Ph.D.*

Abstract

Background: The efficacy of local anesthetic wound infiltration for the treatment of acute and chronic postoperative pain is controversial and there are no detailed studies. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of ropivacaine wound infiltration on chronic pain after breast surgery.

Methods: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study, 236 patients scheduled for breast cancer surgery were randomized (1:1) to receive ropivacaine or placebo infiltration of the wound, the second and third intercostal spaces and the humeral insertion of major pectoralis. Acute pain, analgesic consumption, nausea and vomiting were assessed every 30 min for 2 h in the postanesthesia care unit and every 6 h for 48 h. Chronic pain was evaluated 3 months, 6 months, and 1 yr after surgery by the brief pain inventory, hospital anxiety and depression, and neuropathic pain questionnaires.

Results: Ropivacaine wound infiltration significantly decreased immediate postoperative pain for the first 90 min, but did not decrease chronic pain at 3 months (primary endpoint), or at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. At 3 months, the incidence of chronic pain was 33% and 27% (P = 0.37) in the ropivacaine and placebo groups, respectively. During follow-up, brief pain inventory, neuropathic pain, and anxiety increased over time in both groups (P < 0.001) while depression remained stable. No complications occurred.

Conclusion: This multicenter, prospective study shows that ropivacaine wound infiltration after breast cancer surgery decreased immediate postoperative pain but did not decrease chronic pain at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.
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乳腺癌手术后行切口及肋间神经罗哌卡因浸润在术后慢性疼痛中的作用：一项双盲随机临床试验

【摘要】

背景：切口行局麻药浸润用于治疗术后急慢性疼痛的作用仍存在争议，而且目前没有具体的研究。该研究的主要目的是评价罗哌卡因切口局部浸润用于乳腺癌术后慢性疼痛的作用。

方法：本研究为前瞻、随机、双盲、平行组设计、安慰剂对照的临床试验，236为拟行乳腺癌手术的患者随机分为两组，在切口局部，第二、三肋间隙以及胸大肌的肱骨连接处分别接受罗哌卡因或者安慰剂浸润。在麻醉恢复室的2小时内，每30分钟评估急性疼痛，镇痛药的使用量、恶心和呕吐情况，随后48小时内每6小时再次评估上述情况。术后3个月、6个月、1年通过简易疼痛量表、医院焦虑、抑郁以及神经病理性疼痛问卷评价慢性疼痛情况。

结果：罗哌卡因切口浸润显著降低术后90分钟内的急性疼痛，但并未减轻术后3个月、6个月及12个月的慢性疼痛。在术后3个月时，罗哌卡因组和安慰剂组慢性疼痛的发生率分别为33%和27%（P = 0.37）。在随访期间，两组简易疼痛量表评分及神经病理痛、焦虑情况随着时间推移均升高（P < 0.001），然而抑郁情况相对稳定。没有并发症发生。

结论：该多中心前瞻性研究表明乳腺癌术后罗哌卡因切口浸润减轻术后即刻疼痛，但无法减轻术后3个月、6个月、1年疼痛。

A_Double_blind_Randomized_Trial_of_Wound_and.16.pdf

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作者: GoalYou 时间: 2013-1-24 21:22
【第346篇】亚麻醉浓度的丙泊酚、七氟烷、瑞芬太尼和盐酸Ketamine对内脏和躯体疼痛诱发电位的作用Anesthesiology. 2013 Feb;118(2):308-17.

Effects of Propofol, Sevoflurane, Remifentanil, and (S)-Ketamine in Subanesthetic Concentrations on Visceral and Somatosensory Pain-evoked Potentials.

Untergehrer G, Jordan D, Eyl S, Schneider G.

* Research Fellow, ‡ Professor, Director, and Chair, Department of Anesthesiology, Helios Clinic Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany. † Research Fellow, Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although electroencephalographic parameters and auditory evoked potentials (AEP) reflect the hypnotic component of anesthesia, there is currently no specific and mechanism-based monitoring tool for anesthesia-induced blockade of nociceptive inputs. The aim of this study was to assess visceral pain-evoked potentials (VPEP) and contact heat-evoked potentials (CHEP) as electroencephalographic indicators of drug-induced changes of visceral and somatosensory pain. Additionally, AEP and electroencephalographic permutation entropy were used to evaluate sedative components of the applied drugs.

METHODS: In a study enrolling 60 volunteers, VPEP, CHEP (amplitude N2-P1), and AEP (latency Nb, amplitude Pa-Nb) were recorded without drug application and at two subanesthetic concentration levels of propofol, sevoflurane, remifentanil, or (s)-ketamine. Drug-induced changes of evoked potentials were analyzed. VPEP were generated by electric stimuli using bipolar electrodes positioned in the distal esophagus. For CHEP, heat pulses were given to the medial aspect of the right forearm using a CHEP stimulator. In addition to AEP, electroencephalographic permutation entropy was used to indicate level of sedation.

RESULTS: With increasing concentrations of propofol, sevoflurane, remifentanil, and (s)-ketamine, VPEP and CHEP N2-P1 amplitudes decreased. AEP and electroencephalographic permutation entropy showed neither clinically relevant nor statistically significant suppression of cortical activity during drug application.

CONCLUSIONS: Decreasing VPEP and CHEP amplitudes under subanesthetic concentrations of propofol, sevoflurane, remifentanil, and (s)-ketamine indicate suppressive drug effects. These effects seem to be specific for analgesia.
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亚麻醉浓度的丙泊酚、七氟烷、瑞芬太尼和盐酸Ketamine对内脏和躯体疼痛诱发电位的作用

【摘要】

背景：尽管脑电图和听觉诱发电位可反应麻醉的镇静作用，然而，目前没有特殊设备监测麻醉阻断伤害性刺激传入的情况。本研究旨在研究内脏痛诱发电位（VPEP）和热接触痛诱发电位（CHEP），如同脑电图一样，作为评价药物导致内脏和躯体疼痛改变的指标。此外，AEP和脑电图用于评估所研究药物的镇静作用。

方法：该研究纳入60名自愿者，记录没有药物作用以及两组亚麻醉剂量丙泊酚、七氟烷、瑞芬太尼和盐酸Ketamine作用下的VPEP、CHEP和AEP。VPEP通过食管远端的双极电极产生。CHEP通过CHEP刺激器给予前臂中部热脉冲刺激产生。AEP和脑电图用于评价镇静情况。

结果：随着丙泊酚、七氟烷、瑞芬太尼和盐酸Ketamine浓度升高，VPEP和CHEP N2-P1幅度振幅降低。AEP和脑电图结果表明药物作用未导致出现临床相关和有统计学意义差异的皮质活动度降低。

结论：亚麻醉浓度的丙泊酚、七氟烷、瑞芬太尼和盐酸Ketamine导致VPEP和CHEP下降反应了药物的抑制作用。这些作用主要表现在镇痛方面。

abbr_7593fa98660eb7b8fec4d45d7ee8767a.pdf

640.56 KB, 下载次数: 66

作者: 小诺 时间: 2013-2-19 12:58
好厉害呀，我要认真学习。:victory:

作者: 甜甜777 时间: 2013-3-26 19:56
不错，认真学习中:victory:

作者: sd667355 时间: 2013-4-25 22:59
多谢分享，收益颇多

作者: wuxing9915037 时间: 2013-6-7 21:44
新进展，新收获，有利以后科研;P

作者: tt2sw2013 时间: 2013-8-9 23:16
太厉害了:loveliness:

作者: 猫耳朵duo 时间: 2013-8-29 22:00
非常感谢，能不能多传一些啊？

作者: wuxing9915037 时间: 2013-9-29 10:26
让我们的思路更加开阔

作者: solobruce 时间: 2014-2-16 21:25
受益匪浅，希望继续能拜读到其他文章。

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