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本帖最后由 shenxiu2 于 2009-12-7 00:02 编辑
2# 徐麻子
Hyperkalemia, Hypokalemia, ECG/EKG’s, and Physiology
K+ entry into cardiac cells ends depolarization (QRS interval) and start repolarization (T wave and the QT interval). Simply, K+ entry
is needed for repolarization.
Hypokalema gives you prolonged QT. The less K+ there is (hypokalemia), the longer it takes to eventually repolarize the cardiac cell (prolonged QT & flaccid T wave). Think of
this as ineffective gradients.
Hyperkalemia gives you peaked T and prolonged PR and QRS.The more K+ there is (hyperkalemia), the faster repolarization occurs in
the cardiac cell (peaked T). Think of this as very effective gradients. But, this affects badly on total conduction. Na+ channels close too early and make for overall inefficient, slowed conduction or depolarization (prolonged PR & QRS intervals) (both
atrium and ventricles)
Hyperkalemia
With mild to moderate hyperkalemia, there is reduction of the size of the P wave and development of peaked T waves. Severe hyperkalemia results in a widening of the QRS complex, and the EKG complex can evolve to a sinusoidal shape. There appears to be a direct effect of elevated potassium on some of the potassium channels that increases their activity and speeds membrane repolarization. Also, hyperkalemia causes an overall membrane depolarization that inactivates many sodium channels. The faster repolarization of the cardiac action potential causes the tenting of the T waves, and the inactivation of sodium channels causes a sluggish conduction of the electrical wave around the heart, which leads to smaller P waves and widening of the QRS complex.
Hypokalemia
Potassium is needed to repolarize the cell membrane to a resting state after an action potential has passed. Decreased potassium levels in the extracellular space will cause hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. This hyperpolarization is caused by the effect of the altered potassium gradient on resting membrane potential. As a result, a greater than normal stimulus is required for depolarization of the membrane in order to initiate an action potential.
In certain conditions, this will make cells less excitable. However, in the heart, it causes myocytes to become hyperexcitable. Lower membrane potentials in the atrium may cause arrhythmias because of more complete recovery from sodium-channel inactivation, making the triggering of an action potential more likely. In addition, the reduced extracellular potassium (paradoxically) inhibits the activity of the IKr potassium current and delays ventricular repolarization. This delayed repolarization may promote reentrant arrythmias.
这是维基百科里找出来的答案,希望有帮助......:) |
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