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zhht928

损伤控制骨科的理论与实践  
             作者：王雷，蒋电明

摘要：  近些年来，针对多发创伤，尤其是伴发严重骨折患者的治疗，经历了一个从“早期全面处理（early total care，ETC）”到“损伤控制骨科（damage control orthopaedics，DCO）”的转变，即“损伤控制”（damage control，DC）理论在骨科的应用和发展。临床实践证明，合理应用DCO可提高严重多发伤的生存率。

　　关键词：损伤控制骨科；临床实践

　　Clinical theory and practice of damage control orthopaedics

　　WANG Lei,JIANG Dianming

　　(Department of Orthopaedics,First Affiliated Hospital,Chongqing Universicty of Medical Sciences,Chongqing  400016,China)
　　Abstract:  Recently,the treatment concept of multipletraumas with severe fractures changed,from ‘early total care (ETC)’to ‘damage control orthopaedics (DCO)’.The application and evolution of the damage control (DC)theory in orthopaedics,proved that DCS is clinically effective and safe.

　　Key words：damage control orthopaedics；clinical practice

蝶影之遥

回复 1# shenxiu2


    I am a freshman and I just reply for the ten golden coin,I am sorry

kaihui1204

每一个病人都要从麻醉医师这里得到100%的安全。
Each patient to get 100% safety from anesthesiologists here.

医人在线

Most anesthetic drugs are metabolized in the liver.
多数麻醉药物在肝脏代谢

yilin2014

选用起效快的肌松药，缩短置入喉罩或气管插管的时间，维护气道通畅、防止返流误吸是麻醉重要的安全因素。
The rapid onset of muscle relaxants, shorten the LMA insertion or intubation time, maintain airway patency, prevent reflux and aspiration are important  safety factors of anesthesia.

duanchunbi

Deputy director of anesthesia
麻醉科副主任
出处：百度

20140121

hello,nihao

joyohuhan

It is essential to ask for assistance before anaesthetising patients who have been assessed as having potentially difficult airways.
术前评估存在潜在性困难气道的患者麻醉前寻求他人协助很有必要。
出处：How To Survive In Anaesthesia 3rd Ed Chapter 4   Failed intubation dril

麻醉师小龙

Tracheal deviation
纵隔移向健侧
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology No. 838
摩根临床麻醉学

伏龙志

Patients can have general anesthesia during the operation.
在手术过程中，病人可以选择全身麻醉。

石口中心卫生院

No medical worker is allowed to prescribe any narcotic drug for him/herself. 医务人员不得为自己开处方使用麻醉药品。 麻醉药品管理制度

开芯果

椎管内麻醉包括硬膜外、蛛网膜下腔、骶管腔阻滞。
The spinal canal anesthesia including epidural, subarachnoid, 6cases lumen block.

xvliang6166536

mediastinum 纵隔
medical statistics 医学统计
mediscalenus 中斜角肌
megalothymus 胸腺肥大，巨胸腺
meningioma 脑（脊）膜瘤
meniscal 半月板的
meniscectomy 半月板切除术
metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒
metabolic alkalosis 代谢性碱中毒
metabolic rate 代谢率
metabolism 代谢
metabolite 代谢产物
metatarsectomy 跖骨切除术
microcirculation 微循环
micromaxillary deformity 小下颌畸形
microthrombosis 小血栓形成
microthrombus 小血栓
minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) 最低肺
泡有效浓度
minute output 每分（心）输出量
minute ventilation 每分通气量
minute volume 每分输出量，每分通气量
mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄
mixed anesthesia 复合麻醉
moist rale 湿性罗音
moisture 水分，湿度
mortality 死亡率
mortality statistics 死亡率统计
motor center 运动中枢
motor endplate
运动终板
motor ganglion 运动神经节
motor paralysis 运动麻痹
mouthtomouth
breathing 口对口呼吸
muscle relaxants 肌肉松弛药
muscle rigidity 肌肉强直
muscle tone 肌紧张
muscle twitch 肌颤搐
muscular relaxation 肌肉松弛
muscular rigidity 肌肉强直
muscular tension 肌紧张，肌张力
muscular tremor 肌震颤
musculospiralis 桡神经
myasthenia 肌无力
myasthenic 肌无力的
mydriasis 瞳孔散大
myocardial ischemia 心肌缺血
mixed ventilation function disturbance 混合性通
气功能障碍
mediastinal tumor 纵隔肿瘤
myocardial infarction 心肌梗死
myasthenia 肌无力
maxillary deficiency 上颌骨发育不足
maxillary excess 上颌发育过度
mandibular deficiency 下颌骨发育不足
mandibular excess 下颌骨发育过度
microsomia 小颌畸形
mandibular fracture 下颌骨骨折
maxillofacial multifrature 颌面部多发性骨折
mucoepidermoid carcinoma 黏液表皮样癌
meningocele 脑脊膜膨出
microtia 小耳征
microlaryngoscopy 显微喉镜检查术
myomectomy 子宫肌瘤挖除术
myoma of uterus 子宫肌瘤
modified tadical mastectomy for breast cancer 改
良乳腺癌根治术
N
nasopharyngeal airway 鼻咽气道
nasotracheal intubation 经鼻插管术
nasotracheal tube 经鼻气管内插管
nephrectomize 肾切除
nephrectomy 肾切除术
nerve block 神经阻滞
nerve blocking anesthesia 神经阻滞麻醉
nerve root 神经根
neuroleptanesthesia 神经安定镇痛麻醉
nondepolarizing muscle relaxant 非去极化肌松药
nondepolarizing muscular relaxant 非去极化肌松
药
neurilemmoma 神经鞘瘤
neurofibroma 神经纤维瘤
nasal polyps 鼻息肉
nasolacrimal duct 鼻泪管
O
obstetric anesthesic 产科麻醉
obstetrician 产科医师
oculentum 眼膏
oculist 眼科医师
oculocardiac reflex 眼心反射
oil/gas partition coefficient 油/气分配系数
onelung
anesthesia 单肺麻醉
onelung
ventilation 单肺通气
onset 发现，奏效，开始
onset of analgesia 镇痛起效
onset of anesthesia 麻醉效果出现
oophorectomy 卵巢切除术
oophorocystectomy 卵巢囊肿切除术
open chest cardiac massage 胸内心脏挤压
open chest compression 开胸心脏按压
oral trachea cannula 经口气管插管
oropharyngeal airway 口咽人工气道，经口咽人
工气道
orotracheal intubation 经口气管内插管
orthopnea 端坐呼吸
otolaryngologic anesthesia 耳鼻喉科麻醉
outpatient 门诊病人
outpatient anesthesia 门诊病人麻醉
outpatient clinic 门诊
overdosage 过量，给药过量
overventilation 过度通气
oxygenation 氧合
oxygen deficit 缺氧
oxygen dissociation curve 氧解离曲线
oxygen poisoning 氧中毒
oxygen requirement 氧需要量
oxygen reserve 氧储备力
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve 氧血红蛋白解
离曲线obstructive
ventilation function disturbance 阻塞性
通气功能障碍
orthopedics 骨科
open reduction and internal fixation of
fracturedislocation
of spine by dick system 脊柱
骨折脱位切开复位DICK 系统内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation of clavicle
fracture 锁骨骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation for fracture of
ulnar and radial shaft 尺骨桡骨骨干骨折切开复
位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation of Monteggia
fracture 尺骨上 1/3 骨折桡骨头脱位
（MONTEGGIA 骨折）
open reduction and internal fixation of colles
fracture 桡骨远端骨折（COLLES）骨折切开复
位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation of Galeazzi’s
fracture 盖氏骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation for scaphoid
fracture 腕舟骨骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction for dislocation of lunar bone 月骨
脱位切开复位术
open reduction and internal fixation of fracture of
metacarpal bone 掌骨骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation of fracture of
phalanx of finger 指骨骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation of fracture and
dislocation at base of the first metacarple 第一掌骨
基底部骨折脱位切开复位内固定术
open reduction of first metacarple joint of thumb
拇指掌指关节脱位切开复位术
open reduction and internal fixation for dislocation
of the acromioclavicular joint 肩锁关节脱位切开
复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation for avulsion
fracture of greater tubercle of humerus 肱骨大结
节撕脱骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation for surgery
neck fracture of humerus 肱骨外科颈骨折切开复
位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation of humeral
shaft 肱骨干骨折切开复位内接骨板内固定术
open reduction and intramedullary nail for fracture
of humeral shaft 肱骨骨折切开复位髓针内固定
术
open reduction of supracondylar fracture of
humerus and internal fixation with kirschner wire
肱骨髁上骨折切开复位克氏针内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation for fracture of
condyle of humerus 肱骨外髁骨折切开复位内固
定术术
open reduction and internal fixation for fracture of
medial epicondyle of humerus 肱骨内上髁骨折切
开复位内固定
open reduction and internal fixation intercondylar
fracture of humerus 肱骨髁间骨折切开复位内固
定术
open reduction and internal fixation ulnar olecranal
fracture 尺骨鹰嘴骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction of fracture of head of radius and
internal fixation with kirschner wire 桡骨小头骨折
切开复位和克氏针内固定术
open reduction of dislocation of elbow joint 肘关
节脱位切开复位术
open reduction of dislocation of hip joint 髋关节脱
位切开复位术
open reduction and capsular arthroplasty of
congenital dislocation of hip joint 先天性髋关节
脱位切开复位关节囊成形术
open reduction of fracture of femoral shaft and
internal fixation by intramedullary nail 股骨干骨
折切开复位髓内针内固定术
open reduction and plate internal fixation of
fracture of femoral shaft 股骨干骨折切开复位接
骨板内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation for fracture of
femoral condyle 股骨髁部骨折切开复位内固定
术
open reduction and internal fixation for patellar
fracture 髌骨骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation of tibial(fibula)
fracture 胫(腓)骨骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation for tibial
condyle fracture 胫骨髁骨折切开复位内固定术
operation for leg elongation 小腿延长术
open reduction and internal fixation of fracture of
medial（lateral、posterior） malleolus 内(外、后)
踝骨折切开复位内固定术
open reduction and internal fixation of talus
fracture 距骨骨折切开复位内固定术
orthomorphia of hallux valgus 拇外翻矫形
operation for lengthening of Achilles tendon 跟腱
延长术
open drainage of joint 关节切开引流术
ossifying fibroma 骨化性纤维瘤
OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea ayndrome 睡眠呼
吸暂停综合征
otorhinolaryngology 耳鼻喉科
olfactory aesthesion euroblastoma 嗅神经母细胞
瘤
ovariectomy 卵巢切除术
oophorocystectomy 卵巢肿瘤剥离术
ovary tumor rebulking operation 卵巢癌肿瘤细胞
减灭术
ovarian cyst 卵巢囊肿
obstruction of the pylorus 幽门梗阻
operations for exclusion of intestinal fistula 肠瘘旷
置术
operative Ttube
cholangiography 术中经T 管胆道
造影
ophthalmology 眼科
P
pacemaker 起搏器
pain 疼痛
pain clinic 止痛门诊
pain on motion 运动痛
pain on pressure 压痛
pain relief 疼痛缓解
pain sensation 痛觉
pain spot 痛点
pain threshold 痛阈
paraplegia 截瘫
parasympathetic ganglion 副交感神经节
paravertebral anesthesia 椎旁麻醉
paravertebral block 脊椎旁阻滞
partial block 不完全阻滞，部分阻滞
partial pressure 分压
partition coefficient 分配系数
patient controlled analgesia (PCA) 患者自控性止
痛(法)
pediatric anesthesia 小儿麻醉
peridural analgesia 硬膜外止痛
peridural anesthesia 硬膜外麻醉
peridural catheter 硬膜外管
peridural space 硬膜外间隙,硬膜外腔
pharmacodynamics 药代动力学
pharmacokinetics 药效动力学
physical 身体的，理学的
physical status 全身状态
physiologic 生理学的
physiologic dead space 生理死腔
physiological 生理学的
plasma expander 血浆代用品
plasma substitute 血浆代用品
plasma transfusion 输血浆（法）
plexus block 神经丛阻滞
plexus brachialis 臂丛
pneumectomy 肺部分切除术
pneumonedema 肺水肿
pneumothorax 气胸
positive endexpiratory
pressure （PEEP）呼气末
正压
positive pressure breathing 正压呼吸
positive pressure ventilation 正压通气
postoperative pain 术后疼痛
postspinal headache 脊麻后头痛
preanesthetic consultation 麻醉前会诊
preanesthetic evaluation 麻醉前评估
preanesthetic medication 麻醉前给药
preanesthetic visit 麻醉前访视
premedication 麻醉前给药
preoperative evaluation 术前评估
pressure breathing 加压呼吸
pressure support ventilation (PSV) 压力支持通气
prolonged expiration 呼吸延长
pruritus 骚痒
positive endexpiratory
pressure (PEEP) 呼气末
正压
postresuscitation
treatment (PRT)复苏后治疗
pulmonary atelectasis 肺不张
pulmonary blood flow 肺血流（量）
pulmonary blood flow resisitance 肺血流阻力
pulmonary capillary pressure 肺毛细血管压
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)肺毛
细血管契入压
pulmonary circulation 小循环，肺循环
pulmonary compliance 肺顺应性
pulmonary edema 肺水肿
pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞
pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿
pulmonary fibrosis 肺纤维化
pulmonary function test 肺功能检查
pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压症
pulmonary shunt 肺分流
puncture 穿刺
puncture trocar 穿刺套管针
pupillary reflex 瞳孔反射
Prothrombin time(PT) 凝血酶原时间
pulmonary function 肺功能
pheochromocytoma 嗜铬细胞瘤
posterior decompression and cervical vertebral
canal enlarging plastic operation 颈椎后路减压及
椎管扩大成形术
posterior decompression of spinal cord and internal
fixation of fracturedislocation
of cervical
vertebrae 颈椎骨折脱位后路脊髓减压内固定术
prosthetic replacement for femoral head 人工股骨
头置换术
prosthetic replacement of hip join 人工全髋关节
置换术
γpinl
fixation for intertrochanteric fracture of
femur 股骨粗隆骨折γ钉内固定术
posterior synosteotomy of knee 膝后关节囊切开
术
parotid gland 腮腺
Pleomorphic adenoma 腮腺混合瘤
parotidectomy of superficial lobe 腮腺浅叶切除术
parotidectomy of total lobe 腮腺全叶切除术
preauricular cyst 耳前囊肿
paraaortic
lymphadenectomy 腹主动脉旁淋巴结
清扫术
prolapse of uterus 子宫脱垂
prolapse of rectum 直肠脱垂
polyp of colon 结肠息肉
portal hypertension 门静脉高压
pancreatic pseudocyst 假性胰腺囊肿
partial colectomy 结肠部分切除
proximal gastrectomy and esophagogastrostomy 近
端胃切除、食管胃吻合
portolsystemic
vein bypath 门体静脉分流术
pancreatic cystojejunostomy 囊肿空肠吻合术
partial gastrectomy 胃部分切除术
pyloroplasty 幽门成形术
permanent ileostomy 永久性回肠造口
primary valve insufficiency of deep veins of lower
extremities 原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全
ptosis 上睑下垂
R
radiation 放射，辐射，放射疗法，射线
radiationtherapy
放射疗法
radicular block 神经根阻滞
radiodiagnosis 放射诊断
radiograph 放射照片
rale 罗音
rapid induction 快速诱导
reabsorb 重吸收
reacquired 再获得的
reaction 反应，感应
recovery 恢复，复原
recovery room 恢复室
recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis 喉返神经麻痹
reducing 减少，减低
referred pain 牵涉性痛
reflex 反射
reflex action 反射作用
reflex activity 反射活动
reflex act 反射动作
reflex apnea 反射性呼吸暂停
reflex inhibition 反射抑制
reflex response 反射反应
reflex tachycardia 反射性心动过速
reflow damage 脑再灌注损伤
regional block 区域阻滞
regional cooling 局部降温
regional hypothermia 局部低温
regional perfusion 局部灌注
regurgitation 反流
respiration pattern 呼吸方式
respiration valve 呼吸活瓣
respirator 呼吸机，呼吸器
respiratory 呼吸的
respiratory acidosis 呼吸性酸中毒
respiratory alkalosis 呼吸性碱中毒
respiratory arrest 呼吸停止
respiratory bag 呼吸囊
respiratory capacity 呼吸容量
respiratory center 呼吸中枢
respiratory control index 呼吸控制指数
respiratory dead space 呼吸死腔
respiratory depression 呼吸抑制
respiratory distress syndrome （RDS）呼吸窘迫
综合症
respiratory embarrassment 呼吸窘迫
respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭
respiratory insufficiency 呼吸功能不全
respiratory minute volume（MV）分钟通气量
respiratory movement 呼吸运动
respiratory obstruction 呼吸道阻塞
respiratory pause 呼吸暂停
respiratory period 呼吸周期
respiratory resistance 呼吸阻力
respiratory standstill 呼吸停止
respiratory stimulant 呼吸兴奋剂
respiratory therapy 呼吸治疗
respiratory tract 呼吸道
respiratory wave 呼吸波
respirograph 呼吸记录器
respiromonitor 呼吸监视器
resting 静止，静息，休息
resting potential 静息电位
resuscitation 复苏（术）
retarded allergy 迟发性变态反应
retraction 退缩，缩回
retransfusion 再输入，回输
retrograde endotracheal intubation 逆行气管内插
管
reversal agent 拮抗药
rhythm 节律
thythmic respiration 节律性呼吸
right ventricular heartfailure
右心室衰竭
rigidity 强直，僵硬，刚性
rima glottidis 声门裂隙
red blood cell(RBC) 红细胞
restricted ventilation function disturbance 限制性
通气功能障碍
radiography X 线摄影
respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭
resection of suprasellar meningioma 鞍上脑膜瘤
切除术
resection of intraorbital tumors 眶内肿瘤切除术
resection of nasal、paranasal tumors 鼻腔、鼻窦肿
瘤切除术
resection of pituitary adenoma 垂体腺瘤切除术
resection of craniopharyngioma 颅咽管瘤切除术
resection of optic pathway and hypothalamic
glioma 视路和下丘脑胶质

xvliang6166536

打一针麻醉就不觉得痛了。won't feel hurt after injected a anaesthetic

一抹阳光123

回复 1# shenxiu2


   The
usual
concept of
anesthesiology
relates
primarily
to the
prevention
of
pain
percetionduring
an
operation.

一般认为,麻醉学主要是与防止手术时疼痛感觉有关.