Uncontrolled postoperative pain may produce a range of detrimental acute and chronic effects. The attenuation of perioperative pathophysiology that occurs during surgery through reduction of nociceptive input to the CNS and optimization of perioperative analgesia may decrease complications and facilitate recovery during the immediate postoperative period and after discharge from the hospital.
未得到控制的术后疼痛可能导致一系列不良的急慢性后果，通过降低术中伤害性刺激传入从而减少围术期病理生理反应；而且良好的围术期镇痛能够促进术后病人的恢复，缩短住院时间。
出自 米勒麻醉学7版87章
回复 16# aimarsan
这里是结合的意思，而不是约束。
回复 651# 残涔飘絮
未控制的术后疼痛可能会产生一系列不利的急性和慢性影响。通过减少痛觉输入到中枢神经系统和围术期镇痛的优化降低围手术期的病理生理学反应，可以减少并发症的发生和有利于术后即刻和出院后恢复
what is the reason ofthe headache after local anesthesia ?
局部麻醉后头痛的原因是什么？
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology No. 496 摩根临床麻醉学
1.商标名和仿配方药
2.统治食品药物管理局广告的三项原则和晋级规则 (1)
3.统治食品药物管理局广告的三项原则和晋级规则 (2)
4.25 年的 制药方法
5.善行制造业练习针对活跃的制药成分的导引 (1)
6.善行制造业练习针对活跃的制药成分的导引 (2)
1.Trade-name and Generic Drugs
2.Three Principles That Govern FDA Advertising and Promotion Regulation(1)
3.Three Principles That Govern FDA Advertising and Promotion Regulation(2)
4.25Years of PharmaceuticalR&D
5.Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients(1)
6.Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients(2)
Although the use of minimally invasive procedures may simplify anesthetic and perioperative management, they likely will permit surgery on patients who, because of comorbidities, are not good candidates for traditional procedures. This situation ultimately will render the perioperative management of these patients more challenging for the anesthesiologist.
译：尽管微创技术的应用使得麻醉和围手术期间的管理相对容易，但另一方面也使得许多由于并存其它严重疾病而不适于接受传统手术的患者有了手术治疗的可能，这一情形反过来又会给麻醉医师带来更多的关于合并有复杂合并症的患者的围手术期管理方面的挑战。
出处：longnecker anesthesiology chapter 60 anesthetic considerations for genitourinary and renal surgery
Rapid correction of electrolyte disturbances may be as dangerous as the underlying
electrolyte disturbance.
快速纠正电解质失衡的危险性可能等同于潜在的电解质失衡。
From:《Anesthesia Secrets》Fourth Edition
镇痛:硬膜外与静脉比较(
DepoDur releases morphine slowly. A single dose can give pain relief for up to 48 hours
after surgery. Depending on the type of surgery,this is the time when pain may be the worst.
Depodur缓慢地释放吗啡。单一剂量可以缓解术后疼痛超过48小时。根据手术类型，这应该是最疼痛的一段时间。
出处：Depodur说明书
疼得难忍be killing
我的牙疼得够戗，我真受不了了。
My tooth is killing me. I can’t stand it.