原来呼吸功能正常，由各种突发原因引起严重肺通气和（或）换气功能障碍，以致在静息状态下亦不能维持足够的气体交换，导致低氧血症伴(或不伴)高碳酸血症，进而引起一系列病理生理改变和相应临床表现的综合征被称为急性呼吸衰竭。
The original respiratory function is normal, by all sorts of sudden causes severe pulmonary ventilation and (or) ventilation dysfunction, so that in the resting state also can't maintain enough gas exchange, leading to hypoxemia companion (or with) hypercapnia and cause a series of pathophysiological change and corresponding clinical manifestation of the syndrome is called acute respiratory failure.
Most people think of their anesthesiologist only as the "doctor behind the mask" who helps them sleep through sergery without pain and who wakes them up when surgy is over.
大多数人认为，他们的麻醉师，只不过是让他们整个手术过程没有痛苦地睡觉，等手术结束再把他们唤醒的“戴着口罩”的医生 。
Over the past 30 years, regional anesthesia has progressively become a major technique of pain management in surgical and nonsurgical pediatric patients. It was made easier and safer by the development of needles and catheters specifically designed for pediatric patients. Over the years, many pediatric studies involving large series of patients from the neonatal period to the end of adolescence have evaluated virtually all techniques of nerve blockade, thus allowing precise delimitation of their indications, contraindications, and adverse effects. With the use of nerve stimulators, peripheral blocks can now be safely achieved in anesthetized patients provided that no muscle relaxants had been previously administered.
在过去的30年中，区域麻醉在外科手术和非手术儿科病人麻醉管理已逐步成为一个主要的技术。通过发展专为儿科病人设计的针头和导管使得区域麻醉更容易和更安全。多年来，通过对一系列新生儿期到青春期结束期间大量儿科病人的研究已经对所有神经阻滞技术进行实际评估，从而准确界定适应症、禁忌症和不良影响。随着神经刺激仪器的应用，神经阻滞技术现在能安全成功对没有肌肉松弛病人麻醉的术前管理。
原文来自Miller_s_Anesthesia_7Ed_2009 {米勒麻醉学第七版引文版}翻译不恰当的地方还请指正。。。
what is the reason ofthe headache after spinal anesthesia ?
腰麻后头痛的原因是什么？
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology No. 496 摩根临床麻醉学
困难气道的定义是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验的麻醉科医师在面罩通气时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻），或气管插管时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况。
The definition of difficult spirit way is:Have for more than five years the clinical anaesthesia is empirical anaesthesia doctor Ke met a difficulty(up breath way block) when the mask ventilates, or the windpipe met a difficulty while putting a tube, or both and a kind of clinical circumstance for having.
出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会《困难气道管理专家意见》
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Hatholane relaxes uterine muscle and may cause postpartum hemorrhage
氟烷对子宫平滑肌松弛作用最强，增加产后出血可能
opioid used because it has both anallgesic and sedative properties.Used adult doses are 5 to 10 mg IM,60 to 90 minutes before come to the operating room.
吗啡是主要的阿片药物，因为它同时有镇痛和镇静的作用。成人常用剂量为5到10mg在术前60到90分钟肌注。
回复 1# shenxiu2
神经阻滞麻醉(conduction anaesthesia) ：
将局麻药注射到外周神经干附近，通过阻断神经冲动的传导，使该神经所支配的区域麻醉。
Local anaesthetic injection to peripheral nerve trunk near, by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses, so that the neural control of regional anesthesia.
回复 1# shenxiu2
To observe the clinical effect of Propofol combined with Remifentanil and Sodium oxybate combined with Fentanyl in pediatric anesthesia induced by slow breathing to retain endotracheal intubation.观察雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚与芬太尼复合羟丁酸钠在小儿麻醉慢诱导保留呼吸气管插管中的应用效果。参考来源 - 雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚与芬太尼复合羟丁酸钠诱导用于小儿有呼吸气管插管的比较—《中国医药导报》—2009年第22期—龙源期刊网
精确麻醉的必要性：传统麻醉中，麻醉医师术中主要通过血压、心率来判断麻醉的深浅。受手术刺激等因素影响，病人的血压、心率并不能准确反映麻醉深度；麻醉药物的个体差异性较为明显，即使是同样体重的病人，他们对于同一麻醉药物同等剂量的反应也可能存在很大差异。根据临床经验调节麻醉深度，极易导致麻醉过深或麻醉过浅的发生。麻醉过浅，病人术中可能会出现术中知晓，术后甚至发生创伤后应激障碍等严重并发症。麻醉过深，则可能对病人中枢神经系统产生永久后遗症。
Precise need for anesthesia: traditional anesthesia, anesthesiologists surgery, mainly through blood pressure and heart rate to determine the depth of anesthesia. The surgical stimulation factors, the patient's blood pressure, heart rate does not accurately reflect the depth of anesthesia; narcotic drugs, individual differences are more obvious, even if it is the same body weight of the patient, there may be a very different response to the same dose of the same narcotic drugs . Adjust the depth of anesthesia based on clinical experience, can easily lead to deep anesthesia or anesthesia shallow occurrence. Too shallow anesthesia, patients underwent intraoperative awareness, the postoperative and even post-traumatic stress disorder, and other serious complications may occur. Deep anesthesia, the central nervous system of patients may have permanent sequelae.
It is essential to ask for assistance before anaesthetising patients who have been assessed as having potentially difficult airways.
术前评估存在潜在性困难气道的患者麻醉前寻求他人协助很有必要。
Airway Management: Introduction
气道管理：导言