Preoperative fluid and electrolyte management with oral rehydration therapy
术前经口服补充液体对病人液体和电介质的影响
肺泡气最低有效浓度
minimumalveolarconcentration，MAC
Contraction of blood vessels material local anesthesia the influence of the time
收缩血管物质对局部麻醉时间的影响
出处Guiynang Medial Hospital
先天性心脏病（congenital heart diseases)
紫绀型（cyanotic)比非紫绀型的危险性大。 左向右分流量(left to right shunts)大小不同。如分流小,风险不大，分流大+严重肺高压(pulmonary hypertension)可致心衰(CHF)。有右室流出道梗阻者，如F4可因恐惧、缺氧后致漏斗部痉挛→心停。
困难气道的定义是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验的麻醉科医师在面罩通气时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻），或气管插管时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况。
The definition of difficult spirit way is:Have for more than five years the clinical anaesthesia is empirical anaesthesia doctor Ke met a difficulty(up breath way block) when the mask ventilates, or the windpipe met a difficulty while putting a tube, or both and a kind of clinical circumstance for having.
困难气道的定义是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验的麻醉科医师在面罩通气时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻），或气管插管时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况。
The definition of difficult spirit way is:Have for more than five years the clinical anaesthesia is empirical anaesthesia doctor Ke met a difficulty(up breath way block) when the mask ventilates, or the windpipe met a difficulty while putting a tube, or both and a kind of clinical circumstance for having.
出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会《困难气道管理专家意见》
Both ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias have been identified as independent risk factors for coronary events in the perioperative period. They are likely to be significant because they reflect the presence of underlying serious cardiopulmonary disease, drug toxicity, or metabolic abnormality.
心室或心室上心律不整是圍術期發生冠心症的獨立危險因子，其重要性在于反映出潛在嚴重的心肺疾病，藥物毒性或代謝異常。
Anesthesia for the high risk patients, 2nd Edition, p.39
回复 1# shenxiu2
Despite careful assessment ,unexpected airway problem can occur .
即使经过小心的评估,预想不到的气道处理问题还是会发生.
Oxford handbook of anesthesia. page 872 , Management of the unexpected difficult airway.
张力性气胸的表现是什么?
The performance of tension pneumothorax What is this?
Neuropathic pain is a consequence of nerve damage or
disease in the central and/or peripheral nervous system
such as with diabetes and trauma. The clinical presentation
of neuropathic pain includes hyperalgesia, allodynia,
and spontaneous pain . Its high prevalence in humans
has led to the development of a number of animal
models of neuropathic pain, including diabetic peripheral
neuropathy and spinal nerve ligation.
神经性疼痛是由于神经损伤或中枢和/或周围神经系统疾病引起的，如糖尿病和外伤。神经性疼痛的临床表现包括痛觉过敏，触摸痛，自发痛。此种疾病在人群中患病率较高，并导致多种神经性疼痛疾病类型包括糖尿病性周围神经病变和脊神经结扎。
Neuropathic pain is a consequence of nerve damage or
disease in the central and/or peripheral nervous system
such as with diabetes and trauma. The clinical presentation
of neuropathic pain includes hyperalgesia, allodynia,
and spontaneous pain . Its high prevalence in humans
has led to the development of a number of animal
models of neuropathic pain, including diabetic peripheral
neuropathy and spinal nerve ligation.
神经性疼痛是由于神经损伤或中枢和/或周围神经系统疾病引起的，如糖尿病和外伤。神经性疼痛的临床表现包括痛觉过敏，触摸痛，自发痛。此种疾病在人群中患病率较高，并导致多种神经性疼痛疾病类型包括糖尿病性周围神经病变和脊神经结扎。