布比卡因和罗哌卡因在心肌细胞内蓄积与可逆性线粒体功能异常和心功能减退相关
Myocardial accumulation of bupivacaine and ropivacaine is associated with reversible effects on mitochondria and reduced myocardial function
麻醉药品品种目录（2007年版）
1. 醋托啡 Acetorphine
2. 乙酰阿法甲基芬太尼 Acetylalphamethylfentanyl
3. 醋美沙朵 Acetylmethadol
4. 阿芬太尼 Alfentanil
5. 烯丙罗定 Allylprodine
6. 阿醋美沙朵 Alphacetylmethadol
7. 阿法美罗定 Alphameprodine
8. 阿法美沙朵 Alphamethadol
9. 阿法甲基芬太尼 Alphamethylfentanyl
10. 阿法甲基硫代芬太尼 Alphamethylthiofentanyl
11. 阿法罗定* Alphaprodine
12. 阿尼利定 Anileridine
13. 苄替啶 Benzethidine
14. 苄吗啡 Benzylmorphine
15. 倍醋美沙朵 Betacetylmethadol
16. 倍他羟基芬太尼 Betahydroxyfentanyl
17. 倍他羟基-3-甲基芬太尼 Betahydroxy-3-methylfentanyl
18. 倍他美罗定 Betameprodine
19. 倍他美沙朵 Betamethadol
20. 倍他罗定 Betaprodine
21. 贝齐米特 Bezitramide
22. 大麻与大麻树脂 Cannabis and Cannabis resin
23. 氯尼他秦 Clonitazene
24. 古柯叶 Coca Leaf
25. 可卡因* Cocaine
It has been an important problem in medical science to device some method mitigating the pain of surgical operations. An efficient agent for this purpose has a legth been discovered. A patient has been renolered completely insensibleduring an amputation of the thigh，regaining consciousness after a short interval. Other severe operation have been performed without the knowledge of the paitients. So remarkable an occurrence will，it is believed，render the following details relating to the history and character of the process，not uninteresting.
出处：Henry Jacob Bigelow ，M.D. Bosten Medical and Surgical journal 1846
It has been an important problem in medical science to device some method mitigating the pain of surgical operations. An efficient agent for this purpose has a legth been discovered. A patient has been renolered completely insensibleduring an amputation of the thigh，regaining consciousness after a short interval. Other severe operation have been performed without the knowledge of the paitients. So remarkable an occurrence will，it is believed，render the following details relating to the history and character of the process，not uninteresting.
出处：Henry Jacob Bigelow ，M.D. Bosten Medical and Surgical journal 1846
翻译：它一直是医学科学的一个重要问题，到设备的一些方法，减轻手术的痛苦。用于此目的的一个有效的代理有被发现一个legth。病人已完全renolered昏迷期间的大腿截肢，恢复意识后很短的时间间隔。其他严重的操作已经执行不知情的情况paitients。它被认为发生如此显着，呈现以下细节有关的历史和性格的过程，而不是索然无味。
出处：亨利·雅各布·毕格罗，医学博士博斯腾湖医疗及外科杂志1846
麻醉前要禁食，以防麻醉、手术时发生呕吐、误吸等合并症。
To fasting before anesthesia, anesthesia and surgery in case when happen vomiting, aspiration and other complications
Who also don't want to anesthesia accident, but is accidental
谁也不想发生麻醉意外，但意外的确是意外
It is essential to ask for assistance before anaesthetising patients who have been assessed as having potentially difficult airways.
术前评估存在潜在性困难气道的患者麻醉前寻求他人协助很有必要。
出处：How To Survive In Anaesthesia 3rd Ed Chapter 4 Failed intubation drill
急诊手术中麻醉师的潜在法律责任
The potential legal liability of anesthetists in emergency surgery .
I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessaryto cause an abortion.
我不会把致命的药物给任何人，即使被人要我这样做，我也不会提出这样的建议；同样的，我也不会给孕妇做堕胎手术。
出处————《Hippocrates：The Oath of Medicine》
we need a balance of yin and yang to be healthy.
我们需要阴阳平衡来达到健康。
随着年龄增一长,老年人脏器功能低下,生理反应迟钝,对麻醉药的吸收、代谢、排泄亦减慢,和年青人相比不但麻醉作用增强,而且亦易发生副作用,加之储备力减弱,应激力衰退,修复力差,因此对损伤的耐受力锐减,手术创伤及其合并症的康复时间均延长。
Increase with age a long, viscera function in the elderly is low, the physiological slow, for drug absorption, metabolism, excretion also slowed, enhanced compared with young people not only anesthesia effect, but also prone to side effects, coupled with the reserve force is abate, stress strength decline, poor repair function, therefore to decrease of damage tolerance, surgical trauma and complications of recovery time is extended.
出处：来源：《国际老年医学杂志》1980年第01期 老年人与麻醉(文献综述)
Although a stethoscope should be present in every anesthetizing location, continuous stethoscopy is an insensitive method for early detection of untoward hemodynamic events.尽管听诊器是最重要的麻醉检测设备，但持续听诊无法早期发现可能导致严重后果的血流动力学改变米勒麻醉学 CHACTER 40