本帖最后由 shenxiu2 于 2012-6-10 14:18 编辑
维持期的主要任务1、维持适当深度麻醉和循环、呼吸功能的稳定。2、满足不同时期手术的要求：如切皮时麻醉需加深;开、关腹膜及腹腔探查时需肌松良好;预防因探查所致的迷走神经反射。
Maintain period main task 1, maintenance of adequate depth of anaesthesia and circulatory, respiratory function and stability. 2, to meet the different period operation requirements: such as incision during anesthesia to deepen; open, shut the peritoneum and peritoneal exploration requires good muscle relaxation; for the prevention of iatrogenic vagal reflex.
这英语翻译不太通。虽然是好尝试。
"The main tasks during the maintenance period are:
1. To maintain an adequate depth of anesthesia and the stability of circulatory & respiratory functions.
2.To provide the needed conditions for various stages of surgeries: such as deepening of anesthesia during skin incision; good muscle relaxation during opening & closing of peritoneum & peritoneal exploration;prevention of iatrogenic vagal reflex."--------shenxiu2
what is the reason ofthe headache after spinal anesthesia ?
腰麻后头痛的原因是什么？
Expert airway management is an essential skill for an anesthesiologist. This chapter reviews the anatomy of the upper respiratory tract, describes the necessary equipment, presents techniques, and discusses complications of laryngoscopy, intubation, and extubation. Patient safety depends on a thorough understanding of each of these topics.
熟练的呼吸道管理是一个麻醉医师基本技能。本章将回顾上呼吸道解剖，描述必需的设备，介绍技术，并讨论喉镜窥视、气管插管和拔管的并发症。患者安全取决于对每一个主题的透彻的理解。
本帖最后由 shenxiu2 于 2012-6-10 14:11 编辑
如果没有特殊的，明确的适应症。成年患者不要应用氟烷
翻译为：If no special, clear indications. Adult patients do not use silane fluorine
出处 米勒麻醉学248页
#氟烷是译为silane fluorine吗？----参宿二
本帖最后由 shenxiu2 于 2012-6-10 14:08 编辑
小儿麻醉不仅仅是麻醉小孩本身，而是一个家庭。
Pediatric anesthesia not only anesthesia the child itself, but a family.
应为“Pediatric anesthesiais not only providing anesthesia to the child alone , but its scope of service includes the whole family".---------shenxiu2
回复 1# shenxiu2
Laparoscopy, although introduced nearly a century ago, has shown appreciable growth in its clinical application over the last decade。
尽管腹腔镜手术在上世纪才刚刚应用，然而最近十年里，它在临床应用领域取得了长足的进步。
出处：Cardiopulmonary Physiology and Pathophysiology as a Consequence OfLaparoscopic Surgery ， Chest 1996;110;810-815
困难气道的定义是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验的麻醉科医师在面罩通气时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻），或气管插管时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况。
The definition of difficult spirit way is:Have for more than five years the clinical anaesthesia is empirical anaesthesia doctor Ke met a difficulty(up breath way block) when the mask ventilates, or the windpipe met a difficulty while putting a tube, or both and a kind of clinical circumstance for having.
出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会《困难气道管理专家意见》
Massive release of intracellular contents, including potassium, may occur.
琥珀胆碱可导致细胞内容物，包括钾，大量释放出来
Spinal opioids have been widely used in clinical anesthesia and analgesia.
椎管内阿片类药物已广泛应用于临床麻醉与镇痛。
出处：Recent development on clinical anesthesia and analgesia with spinal opioids
回复 1# shenxiu2
好好学习,天天向上!
good good study,day day up!
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild fllower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
从一粒沙子看到一个世界，
从一朵野花看到一个天堂，
把握在你手心里的就是无限，
永恒也就消融于一个时辰。
An overall impression of the complexity of the patient's medical condition, with assignment to one of ASA Physical Status Classes:
Class 1. A healthy patient (no physiologic, physical, or psychologic abnormalities).
Class 2. A patient with mild systemic disease without limitation of daily activities.
Class 3. A patient with severe systemic disease that limits activity but is not incapacitating.
Class 4. A patient with an incapacitating systemic disease that is a constant threat to life.
Class 5. A moribund patient not expected to survive 24 hours with or without operation.
Note: If the procedure is performed as an emergency, an E is added to the previously defined ASA Physical Status.
对病人病情的总体印象，根据美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）体检标准分类
1.1级，无全身疾病的病人。
2.2级，有轻度全身疾病的病人。
3.3及，患有严重全身疾病，活动受限但能代偿。
4.4级，患有不能代偿的全身疾病，对生命造成威胁。
5.5级，濒死病人，不管是否做手术都活不过24小时。
注意：如果是急诊手术，在ASA分级前加“E”。
出自：麻省总医院--临床麻醉手册 Anesthesia Procedures of the Massachusetts General Hospital