The definition of myocardial ischemia is caused by the imbalance of oxygen supply and oxygen consumption, not just low blood pressure, pure epidural hypotension associated with low peripheral resistance, may not increase myocardial oxygen consumption.
心肌缺血的定义是氧供和氧耗的失衡引起，而不只是低血压，单纯硬膜外引起低血压伴有低外周阻力，可能并不会增加心肌氧耗。
All patients who undergo cardiac surgery have an arterial catheter and a pulmonary artery catheter in place. Transesophageal echocardiography, a monitoring technique, has revolutionized cardiac surgery. If a patient is hypotensive, it allows the anesthesiologistto determine whether the condition is due to hypovolemia(the heart is underfilled) or due to myocardial dysfunction.
所有经历心脏外科手术的患者都需要植入动脉导管和肺动脉导管。经食道心动超声对于心脏上手术来说是一种革命性的检测技术。如果患者血压过低，麻醉医生通过经食道心动超声就能够判断是由于低血容量引起（心脏灌注不足）还是由于心脏收缩功能降低引起。
出处：ANESTHESIOLOGY
Chapter 12 --- Anesthesia and the Cardiac System
β-Receptor stimulation by G proteins enhances the activity
of adenylate cyclase and the formation of cAMP. The briefest
encounter of plasma membrane β-adrenergic receptors with
epinephrine or norepinephrine results in profound increases (up
to 400-fold higher than the basal level within minutes) in intracellular
levels of cAMP
G蛋白β-受体刺激增强活动
腺苷酸环化酶和cAMP的形成。在最短的
遇到细胞膜β-肾上腺素受体
在深刻的增加肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的结果（最多
在细胞内的400倍，高于在几分钟之内的基础水平）
cAMP的级别
出自米勒麻醉学
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology摩根临床麻醉学
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology 摩根临床麻醉学
The i-gel is a new single-use, noninflatable supraglottic airway for use in anaesthesia during spontaneous or intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Its wider and shorter stem suggests that it may be an ideal conduit for intubation using a fibrescope; a size 4 i-gel has a channel length of 192 mm and aninternal diameter of 12.3 mm and will accept a 7-mm cuffed tracheal tube (of external diameter 9.5 mm) with enough protrusion beyond the mask to pass the cuff of the tracheal tube into the trachea(Fig. 2).
i-gel喉罩是一种全新的一次性使用，无需充气的上声门通气器械，可以用于对自主呼吸或者间歇性正压机械通气的患者进行麻醉。它的气管通道设计得比较宽并且比较短看上去会是通过纤支镜辅助插管的一个理想工具。4号的i-gel通气管长192mm,内径大约为12.3mm,可以通过一根带囊的7.0mm的气管插管（气管查管的外径是9.5mm）气管插管可以通过i-gel喉罩的罩杯处达到气管处，从而完成辅助插管！
出自：Anaesthesia, 2007, 62, pages 412–423 Correspondence 2007 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
BT (bleeding time) [出血时间]
•CT (coagulation time) [凝血时间]
•PT (prothrombin time)[凝血酶原时间]
•ACT (activated coagulation time)[活化的凝血时间]
•KPTT(kaolin partial thromboplastin time)[部分凝血活酶时间]
•Fb (fibrinogen)[纤维蛋白原]
•FDP (fibrinogen degradation product)[纤维蛋白原降解产物]
•ABG (arterial blood gas)[血气分析]
Objective To explore the possibility and security of tracheal e xtubation in the operation room after open heart surgery in children under fenta nyl-isoflurane anesthesia.
目的探讨芬太尼、异氟醚复合麻醉下小儿体外循环心脏手术后手术室拔除气管导管的可能性、安全性。
吸气压力增加
Suction pressure to increase
Glutamate signaling of the glial cells contributed to the structural and functional integrity of the cerebellar network.
神经胶质细胞的谷氨酸信号系统维持着有助于小脑的网络结构和功能的完整性。
摘自--This Week in SCIENCE【10 August 2012, 337 (6095)】
Crucial Cerebellar Glial Cells
小脑中至关重要的神经胶质细胞
occipitial neuritis 枕神经炎
intercostal neuritis肋间神经炎
brachial plexus neuritis臂丛神经炎
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