anaesthesia; narcosis; narcotism; anaesthetization; narcoticism; narcotization: 低温麻醉 hypothermic anaesthesia; 脊髓麻醉
spinal anaesthesia; 局部麻醉
local anaesthesia; 全身麻醉
general anaesthesia; 药物麻醉
drug anaesthesia; 针刺麻醉
acupuncture anaesthesia;
中药麻醉 herbal anaesthesia
Analgesics given for moderate to severe pain are given on a fixed dose schedule around the clock and not on an “as needed” or “prn” basis. This allows for more consistent pain relief since patients do not have to "play catch-up" with the previous dose that has largely worn off.
对于中重度的疼痛，镇痛药应当定时给予固定剂量，而非“按需”给予（prn）。这可以使患者的疼痛缓解能够较为持续。如果等到上一剂量的药物大部分代谢完了（，患者感觉到了疼痛才用药），那就必须追加一定的剂量才能维持有效的血药浓度。
来源：World Health Organization. Cancer pain releif. World Health Organization; Geneva, 1990.
Researchers have found that a protein present in everything from amoebas to people is living a double life. Once it binds to DNA, the protein, called RfaH, rips apart—and then refolds into a different shape, to do a different job.
研究人员发现存在于阿米巴原虫的一种蛋白质,如同过着双重生活的人一样。一旦它与DNA相遇，这种称为RfaH的蛋白质,折叠撕裂成不同的形状,去做不同的工作。
来源：Scientific American
if you recognize a life -threatening condition at any time,immediately begin life-saving interventions and activatethe emergency ressponse system.
如果你在任何时间看到威胁生命的情况，立即开始着手复苏干预，并且启动紧急响应程序。
摘自 page 25pediatric advanced life support
Progress on Standardized RespiratoryFunction Monitoring and Control During Perioperative Period。
规范化呼吸功能监测和调控在围手术期的应用。
麻醉（anesthesia）
Anesthesiology continues to be an interesting and rewarding profession
从事麻醉学一直以来都是一个令人感到有趣并值得从事的专业。
The definition of myocardial ischemia is caused by the imbalance of oxygen supply and oxygen consumption, not just low blood pressure, pure epidural hypotension associated with low peripheral resistance, may not increase myocardial oxygen consumption.
心肌缺血的定义是氧供和氧耗的失衡引起，而不只是低血压，单纯硬膜外引起低血压伴有低外周阻力，可能并不会增加心肌氧耗。
All patients who undergo cardiac surgery have an arterial catheter and a pulmonary artery catheter in place. Transesophageal echocardiography, a monitoring technique, has revolutionized cardiac surgery. If a patient is hypotensive, it allows the anesthesiologistto determine whether the condition is due to hypovolemia(the heart is underfilled) or due to myocardial dysfunction.
所有经历心脏外科手术的患者都需要植入动脉导管和肺动脉导管。经食道心动超声对于心脏上手术来说是一种革命性的检测技术。如果患者血压过低，麻醉医生通过经食道心动超声就能够判断是由于低血容量引起（心脏灌注不足）还是由于心脏收缩功能降低引起。
出处：ANESTHESIOLOGY
Chapter 12 --- Anesthesia and the Cardiac System
β-Receptor stimulation by G proteins enhances the activity
of adenylate cyclase and the formation of cAMP. The briefest
encounter of plasma membrane β-adrenergic receptors with
epinephrine or norepinephrine results in profound increases (up
to 400-fold higher than the basal level within minutes) in intracellular
levels of cAMP
G蛋白β-受体刺激增强活动
腺苷酸环化酶和cAMP的形成。在最短的
遇到细胞膜β-肾上腺素受体
在深刻的增加肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的结果（最多
在细胞内的400倍，高于在几分钟之内的基础水平）
cAMP的级别
出自米勒麻醉学
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology摩根临床麻醉学
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology 摩根临床麻醉学