困难气道的定义是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验的麻醉科医师在面罩通气时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻），或气管插管时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况。
The definition of difficult spirit way is:Have for more than five years the clinical anaesthesia is empirical anaesthesia doctor Ke met a difficulty(up breath way block) when the mask ventilates, or the windpipe met a difficulty while putting a tube, or both and a kind of clinical circumstance for having.
The components of general anesthetic state include unconsciousness, amnesia(健忘), analgesia, immobility, and attenuation of autonomic nervous system responses to noxious stimulation.
组成部分一般麻醉状态包括无意识，失忆症，镇痛，不动，和衰减的自主神经系统的伤害性刺激的反应。
出自Department of Anesthesiology Rui Jin Hospital Shanghai Second Medical University‘PPT
椎动脉vertebral artery
椎弓vertebral arch
椎弓板lamina of vertebral arch
椎弓根pedicle of vertebral arch
怎么才能学好英语嘛 医学的
Preventive analgesia using non-opioid analgesic strategies is recognized as a
pathway to improve postoperative pain control while minimizing opioid-related side effects.
预防性应用非阿片类镇痛药策略被认为是改善术后疼痛管理的另一途径，并且可以最大限度的减少与阿片类药物相关的不良反应。
who should give pediatric anesthesia and how they should be trained?
小儿麻醉由谁去做？如何去培训做小儿麻醉的医生？
出处：小儿麻醉学杂志2012年6月综述
The use of cuffed TTs in small children provides a reliably sealed airway at cuff pressures of <or=20 cm H(2)O, reduces the need for TT exchanges, and does not increase the risk for post-extubation stridor compared with uncuffed TTs
：与无套囊TTs插管法相比，较小儿童带套囊气管导管插管法在套囊内压≤20 cmH2O时气道密封效果
更确切，且可降低气管导管更换率，也不提高拔管后喘鸣的危险
tracheal tubes (TTs)
出处：British Journal of Anaesthesia 103 (6): 867–73 (2009)
Prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial of cuffed or uncuffed
endotracheal tubes in small children
所有麻醉药和麻醉方法都可影响病人的生理状态稳定性；手术创伤和出血可使病人生理功能处于应激状态；外科疾病与并存的内科疾病又有各自的病理生理改变，这些因素都将造成机体生理潜能承受巨大负担。为减轻这种负担和提高手术麻醉安全性，在手术麻醉前对全身情况和重要器官生理功能做出充分估计，并尽可能加以维护和纠正。
All anesthetics and anesthesia can affect the stability of the patient's physiological state; surgical trauma and bleeding cause a patient physiological functions in the stress state; surgical disease, and coexisting medical illness has its respective pathophysiological changes of these factors will result inThe physiological potential of the body under enormous burden. To alleviate this burden and improve the the anesthesia security before anesthesia to make the general condition and vital organs and physiological functions fully estimated, and, as far as possible, to maintain and rectify.
出自第三版《现代麻醉学》第32章病情估计
we are not just anesthetizing the child. we are really anesthetizing the whole family.
我们不仅仅是在麻醉这个小孩。我们是在麻醉他的全家。
出处：连庆泉老师小儿麻醉课件
A physician know everything but can do nothing; a surgeon can do everything but know nothing; only the anesthetist know everthing and can do everything!
内科医师什么都懂却什么都不能做；外科医师什么都能做但什么都不懂；只有麻醉医师什么都懂而且什么都能做！