Thereare,ofcourse,riskstoanesthesia.Peoplecanhavedifferentreactionstothedrugs.Mistakescanhappen.Butmedicalexpertssaythesafetyofanesthesiahasgreatlyimproved.当然，麻醉师存在一定风险的。人们对麻醉药的反应各不相同。问题就由此产生了。但是医药专家认为麻醉的安全性已经有了很大的提高
Thus a precise stereotactic puncture of the terminal axillary vein requires that the needle be elevated approximately 30 degrees from the frontal plane of the body. Combined with the angle mandated by the course of the vein in the frontal plane, the aiming point for the needle tip is actually the body of the first thoracic vertebra at the posterior margin of the superior thoracic aperture. If these criteria are followed, it is essential that steady gentle suction be maintained and advancement be stopped as soon as the front wall of the vein is punctured to avoid injuring deeper structures. Using this anatomic approach, first puncture success has been enhanced for the author and his students.
这样，精准地目标明确地腋静脉未端穿刺需要穿刺针抬高与躯体额面成30度角。同时，根据腋静脉、锁骨下静脉在躯体额面的走行，针尖应指向胸廓上口后缘第一胸椎。如果这些规范能执行，重要的是在进针时注射器保持轻微的抽引，并且一旦血管前壁刺穿则立即停止进针，从而避免损伤更深部的组织结构。本文作者及其学生使用这一解剖路径，一针成功率得到了显著提高。
回复 15# shenxiu2
我觉得这句话翻译成“麻醉药往往具有高度的血浆蛋白结合力和外周组织脂质结合力。”或者“麻醉药易与血浆蛋白和外周组织脂质亲密结合”。请批评指正！
The evolution of modern surgery was hampered not only by a poor understanding of diseas processes, anatomy and surgical asepsis but also by the lack of reliable and safe anesthetic techniques. These techniques evolved first with inhalational anesthesia, followed by local and regional anesthesia, and finally intravenous anesthesia. The discovery of surgical anesthesia is considered one of the most important in human history.
现代外科学的发展受到阻碍不仅是因为在疾病进展、解剖学、无菌术上极匮乏的认识，也因为可靠安全的麻醉技术。这些技术的发展起源于吸入麻醉，接着是局部麻醉，最后是静脉麻醉。外科手术麻醉的探索被认为是人类历史上最重要的发现之一
Preoperative standardised questionnaires may be helpful in improving anaesthesia evaluation in a variety of situations
术前标准化咨询可能对改善不同病人状态下的麻醉评估有帮助
出处：Preoperative evaluation of the adult patient undergoing
non-cardiac surgery: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology
Developments in anesthesia often arose to meet the needs of patients with severe comorbid conditions that required complex surgical procedures.
麻醉学的发展往往是为了满足那些病情复杂而又需要接受复杂手术患者的需要
Consequently, advances within the specialties of surgery and anesthesia are closely integrated.
因此麻醉学和外科学是作为一个整体共同进步的。
disease myocardiosis （心肌炎），pericarditis（心包炎） ， left ventricular hypertrophy）（左室肥大），coronary ischemia（冠脉缺血）， angiosclerosis （血管硬化）.
A test injection with saline (1-2 mL) is performed before the local
anesthetic is injected to confi rm that the needle is deep to the
fascia iliaca and to observe the distribution of the injectate in
relation to the femoral nerve.
在注射局麻药物之前先试探注射1-2ml的生理盐水以确定穿刺针在髂筋膜的深面，同时观察注射液与股神经的关系。
出处：A practice for infant and children. 930
这句话提示股神经并不是和股动脉，股静脉在一个筋膜间隙里。
美国劳动部职业安全与健康委员会Occupational Safety and Healthy Administration, United States Department of Labor
what is the reason ofthe headache after spinal anesthesia ?
腰麻后头痛的原因是什么？
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology No. 496 摩根临床麻醉学