困难气道的定义是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验的麻醉科医师在面罩通气时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻），或气管插管时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况。
The definition of difficult spirit way is:Have for more than five years the clinical anaesthesia is empirical anaesthesia doctor Ke met a difficulty(up breath way block) when the mask ventilates, or the windpipe met a difficulty while putting a tube, or both and a kind of clinical circumstance for having.
出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会《困难气道管理专家意见》
1. General Anesthesia
1． 全身麻醉
Induction of General Anesthesia General anesthesia can be induced by giving drugs intravenously, by inhalation, or by a combination of both methods.
全身麻醉的诱导 经静脉、吸入或两种方式联合给药都能诱导全身麻醉。
A Rapid-Sequence Induction: Anesthesia is most commonly induced by the method of rapid-sequence induction, in which rapid administration of an ultra-short-acting barbiturate (e.g., thiopental) is followed by a depolarizing muscle relaxant (e.g., succinylcholine). This allows anesthesia to be induced within 30 seconds and the trachea to be intubated within 60-90 seconds. Oxygen is usually given by mask beforehand to allow maximum time for intubation while the patient is apneic. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug (e.g., vecuronium, atracurium, or pancuronium) can be substituted for succinylcholine, but the onset of paralysis is delayed by about 60 seconds.
A. 快速序贯诱导：诱导麻醉最常用的是快速序贯诱导方法，应用此法时先快速给予超短时作用的巴比妥（如硫贲妥钠），接着给去极化的肌肉松弛剂（如琥珀胆碱）。这样能在30秒钟内诱导麻醉，60－90秒钟内行气管插管。通常事先给予面罩吸氧，使患者在呼吸暂停的时间达最大限度，可用以插管。可以用非去极化的神经肌肉阻滞剂（如维可罗宁、卡肌宁或潘可罗宁）代替琥珀胆碱，但麻醉的出现将延迟60秒钟。
出处：医学全在线
最好的期盼，最坏的打算。The best hope,the worst.
Ohm's law: Pressure (i.e., blood pressure) = flow (i.e., cardiac output) resistance
Organ blood flow = (mean arterial pressure rgan venous pressure)/organ vascular resistance
Ohm's定律：压力（如血压）=血流（如：心排血量）×阻力
器官血流=【平均动脉压（MAP）-器官静脉压】/器官血管阻力
出处：麻省临床麻醉学
困难气道的定义是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验的麻醉科医师在面罩通气时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻），或气管插管时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况。
The definition of difficult spirit way is:Have for more than five years the clinical anaesthesia is empirical anaesthesia doctor Ke met a difficulty(up breath way block) when the mask ventilates, or the windpipe met a difficulty while putting a tube, or both and a kind of clinical circumstance for having.
出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会《困难气道管理专家意见》
困难气道的定义是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验的麻醉科医师在面罩通气时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻），或气管插管时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况。
The definition of difficult spirit way is:Have for more than five years the clinical anaesthesia is empirical anaesthesia doctor Ke met a difficulty(up breath way block) when the mask ventilates, or the windpipe met a difficulty while putting a tube, or both and a kind of clinical circumstance for having.
出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会《困难气道管理专家意见》
Anesthetic drugs tend to be highly bound to protein in plasma and highly bound to lipid in peripheral tissues.
麻醉药品往往是高度肯定的血浆蛋白和高度的约束外周组织的脂质。。
困难气道(difficult airway)的定义(definition)是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验(clinical anaesthetic experience)的麻醉科医师(anaesthesiologist)在面罩通气(facemask ventilation)时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻)(Upper airway obstruction)，或气管插管(tracheal intubation)时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况(clinical condition)。
比较通顺的译法建议如下:
The definition of difficult airway is : A clinical condition where an anesthesiologist with more than five years of clinical anaesthetic experience , having difficulty in maintaining face mask ventilation( upper airway obstruction ) ,or having difficulty in tracheal intubation, or having difficulty in both .出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会《困难气道管理专家意见
困难气道(difficult airway)的定义(definition)是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验(clinical anaesthetic experience)的麻醉科医师(anaesthesiologist)在面罩通气(facemask ventilation)时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻)(Upper airway obstruction)，或气管插管(tracheal intubation)时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况(clinical condition)。
比较通顺的译法建议如下:
The definition of difficult airway is : A clinical condition where an anesthesiologist with more than five years of clinical anaesthetic experience , having difficulty in maintaining face mask ventilation( upper airway obstruction ) ,or having difficulty in tracheal intubation, or having difficulty in both
出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会《困难气道管理专家意见
困难气道(difficult airway)的定义(definition)是：具有五年以上临床麻醉经验(clinical anaesthetic experience)的麻醉科医师(anaesthesiologist)在面罩通气(facemask ventilation)时遇到了困难（上呼吸道梗阻)(Upper airway obstruction)，或气管插管(tracheal intubation)时遇到了困难，或两者兼有的一种临床情况(clinical condition)。
比较通顺的译法建议如下:
The definition of difficult airway is : A clinical condition where an anesthesiologist with more than five years of clinical anaesthetic experience , having difficulty in maintaining face mask ventilation( upper airway obstruction ) ,or having difficulty in tracheal intubation, or having difficulty in both .
出处：中华医学会麻醉学分会 困难气道管理专家意见
Despite careful assessment ,unexpected airway problem can occur .
即使经过小心的评估,预想不到的气道处理问题还是会发生.
Oxford handbook of anesthesia. page 872 , Management of the unexpected difficult airway
Despite careful assessment ,unexpected airway problem can occur .
即使经过小心的评估,预想不到的气道处理问题还是会发生.
Oxford handbook of anesthesia. page 872 , Management of the unexpected difficult airway