Spinal opioids have been widely used in clinical anesthesia and analgesia.
椎管内阿片类药物已广泛应用于临床麻醉与镇痛。
出处：Recent development on clinical anesthesia and analgesia with spinal opioids
回复 1# shenxiu2
好好学习,天天向上!
good good study,day day up!
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild fllower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
从一粒沙子看到一个世界，
从一朵野花看到一个天堂，
把握在你手心里的就是无限，
永恒也就消融于一个时辰。
An overall impression of the complexity of the patient's medical condition, with assignment to one of ASA Physical Status Classes:
Class 1. A healthy patient (no physiologic, physical, or psychologic abnormalities).
Class 2. A patient with mild systemic disease without limitation of daily activities.
Class 3. A patient with severe systemic disease that limits activity but is not incapacitating.
Class 4. A patient with an incapacitating systemic disease that is a constant threat to life.
Class 5. A moribund patient not expected to survive 24 hours with or without operation.
Note: If the procedure is performed as an emergency, an E is added to the previously defined ASA Physical Status.
对病人病情的总体印象，根据美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）体检标准分类
1.1级，无全身疾病的病人。
2.2级，有轻度全身疾病的病人。
3.3及，患有严重全身疾病，活动受限但能代偿。
4.4级，患有不能代偿的全身疾病，对生命造成威胁。
5.5级，濒死病人，不管是否做手术都活不过24小时。
注意：如果是急诊手术，在ASA分级前加“E”。
出自：麻省总医院--临床麻醉手册 Anesthesia Procedures of the Massachusetts General Hospital
好好学习,天天向上!
good good study,day day up!
英语真的好烂！！
The usual concept of anesthesiology relates primarily to the prevention of pain perception during an operation.
一般认为，麻醉学主要是与防止手术时疼痛感觉有关。
what is the reason ofthe headache after spinal anesthesia ?
腰麻后头痛的原因是什么？
Morgan Clinical Anesthesiology No. 496 摩根临床麻醉学
张力性气胸的表现是什么?
The performance of tension pneumothorax What is this
The usual concept of anesthesiology relates primarily to the prevention of pain perception during an operation.
一般认为，麻醉学主要是与防止手术时疼痛感觉有关。
The patient was kept under with a mixture of morphine and chloroform
病人用了吗啡和氯仿混合剂后处于麻醉状态